{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:46:36Z","timestamp":1792082796475,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1054,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comorbidities that collectively define metabolic syndrome are common in patients with heart failure. However, the role of metabolic syndrome in the pathophysiology of heart failure is not well understood. We therefore investigated the clinical and biomarker correlates of metabolic syndrome in patients with heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 1103 patients with heart failure, we compared the biomarker expression using a panel of 363 biomarkers among patients with (n = 468 [42%]) and without (n = 635 [58%]) metabolic syndrome. Subsequently, a pathway overrepresentation analysis was performed to identify key biological pathways. Findings were validated in an independent cohort of 1433 patients with heart failure of whom 615 (43%) had metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of five criteria, including central obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance and hypertension. The most significantly elevated biomarkers in patients with metabolic syndrome were leptin (log2 fold change 0.92, p = 5.85\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221221), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (log2 fold change 0.61, p = 1.21\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221211), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (log2 fold change 0.47, p = 1.95\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221213), tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11a (log2 fold change 0.35, p = 4.16\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22129), and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret (log2 fold change 0.31, p = 4.87\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22129). Network analysis identified 10 pathways in the index cohort and 6 in the validation cohort, all related to inflammation. The primary overlapping pathway in both the index and validation cohorts was up-regulation of the natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in heart failure and is associated with biomarkers and pathways relating to obesity, lipid metabolism and immune responses underlying chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T03:30:35Z","timestamp":1672803035000},"page":"163-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Biomarker Signature and Pathophysiological Pathways in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Camilla C.S.","family":"van der Hoef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Boorsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna E.","family":"Emmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart J.","family":"van Essen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia , Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leong L.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital , Leicester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology (CVK); and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Dickstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Stavanger University Hospital , Stavanger ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ify R.","family":"Mordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee , Dundee ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Dihoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee , Dundee 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