{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:37:21Z","timestamp":1793968641490,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The advent of immunological therapies has revolutionized the treatment of solid and haematological cancers over the last decade. Licensed therapies which activate the immune system to target cancer cells can be broadly divided into two classes. The first class are antibodies that inhibit immune checkpoint signalling, known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The second class are cell-based immune therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T lymphocyte (CAR-T) cell therapies, natural killer (NK) cell therapies, and tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapies. The clinical efficacy of all these treatments generally outweighs the risks, but there is a high rate of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are often unpredictable in timing with clinical sequalae ranging from mild (e.g. rash) to severe or even fatal (e.g. myocarditis, cytokine release syndrome) and reversible to permanent (e.g. endocrinopathies).The mechanisms underpinning irAE pathology vary across different irAE complications and syndromes, reflecting the broad clinical phenotypes observed and the variability of different individual immune responses, and are poorly understood overall. Immune-related cardiovascular toxicities have emerged, and our understanding has evolved from focussing initially on rare but fatal ICI-related myocarditis with cardiogenic shock to more common complications including less severe ICI-related myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, including conduction system disease and heart block, non-inflammatory heart failure, takotsubo syndrome and coronary artery disease. In this scientific statement on the cardiovascular toxicities of immune therapies for cancer, we summarize the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of ICI, CAR-T, NK, and TIL therapies. We also highlight gaps in the literature and where future research should focus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T07:58:55Z","timestamp":1722499135000},"page":"2055-2076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Cardiovascular Toxicities of Immune Therapies for Cancer \u2013 A Scientific Statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC and the ESC Council of Cardio-Oncology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Gabriele","family":"Tocchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Farmakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Koop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Dutch Heart Foundation , The Hague ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Sol","family":"Andres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam S.","family":"Couch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunato","family":"Ciardiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019 , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II 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