{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:22:28Z","timestamp":1792678948157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":397,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) carries a 30\u201350% in-hospital mortality rate, with little improvement in outcomes in the last decade. Challenges in improving outcomes are closely linked to the frequent late presentation or diagnosis of CS where the \u2018point of no return\u2019 has often passed, leading to haemodynamic dysregulation, progressive myocardial depression, hypotension, and a downward spiral of hypoperfusion, organ dysfunction and decreasing myocardial function, driven by inflammation and metabolic derangements. Novel therapeutic interventions may have varying efficacy depending on the type and stage of shock in which they are applied. Biomarkers that aid prediction and early detection of CS, provide early signs of organ dysfunction and define prognosis could help optimize management. Temporal change in such biomarkers, particularly in response to pharmacological interventions and\/or mechanical circulatory support, can guide management and predict outcome. Several novel biomarkers enhance the prediction of mortality in CS, compared to conventional parameters such as lactate, with some, such as adrenomedullin and circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3, also able to predict the development of CS. Some biomarkers reflect systemic inflammation (e.g. interleukin-6, angiopoietin 2, fibroblast growth factor 23 and suppressor of tumorigenicity 2) and are not specific to CS, yet inform on the activation of important pathways involved in the downward shock spiral. Other biomarkers signal end-organ hypoperfusion and could guide targeted interventions, while some may serve as novel therapeutic targets. We critically review current and novel biomarkers that guide prediction, detection, and prognostication in CS. Future use of biomarkers may help improve management in these high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T04:06:26Z","timestamp":1737086786000},"page":"1106-1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Current and Novel Biomarkers in Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Galusko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian A.","family":"Wenzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich , Schlieren ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"National Disease Registration and Analysis Service, NHS , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Vandenbriele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Heart Center, OLV Hospital , Aalst ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Panoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"L\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich , Schlieren ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Gorog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1922","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock \u2013 A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"22","author":"Chioncel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.018","article-title":"SCAI SHOCK stage classification expert consensus update: A review and incorporation of validation studies","volume":"79","author":"Naidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.09.005","article-title":"A standardized and comprehensive approach to the management of cardiogenic shock","volume":"8","author":"Tehrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.007293","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in the incidence and outcome of cardiogenic shock in AMIS Plus Registry","volume":"12","author":"Hunziker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01781-z","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock: Incidence, survival and mechanical circulatory support usage 2007-2017 \u2013 insights from a national registry","volume":"110","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.06.026","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction","volume":"82","author":"Sterling","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468221075064","article-title":"A clinical update on vasoactive medication in the management of cardiogenic shock","volume":"16","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8364848","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8364848","article-title":"The dual role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: Friend or foe?","volume":"2018","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000075927.67673.F2","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: Expanding the paradigm","volume":"107","author":"Hochman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0010","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Advances in clinical chemistry","author":"Lassus","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0011","first-page":"366","article-title":"Basic mechanisms in cardiogenic shock: Part 2 \u2013 Biomarkers and treatment options","volume":"11","author":"Krychtiuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0012","first-page":"392","article-title":"An outlook on biomarkers in cardiogenic shock","volume":"26","author":"Iborra-Egea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.754303","article-title":"A review of prognosis model associated with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.08.003","article-title":"Risk prediction in cardiogenic shock: Current state of knowledge, challenges and opportunities","volume":"27","author":"Kalra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024932","article-title":"Association between the acidemia, lactic acidosis, and shock severity with outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"Jentzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.862424","article-title":"Early prediction of cardiogenic shock using machine learning","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023322","article-title":"Lactate clearance as a surrogate for mortality in cardiogenic shock: Insights from the DOREMI trial","volume":"11","author":"Marbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01785-7","article-title":"Association between serum lactate levels and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock receiving mechanical circulatory support: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Scolari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.06.037","article-title":"Arterial lactate in cardiogenic shock: Prognostic value of clearance versus single values","volume":"13","author":"Fuernau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","article-title":"Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"P\u00f6ss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.11.010","article-title":"Prognostic implication of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with cardiogenic shock and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"87","author":"Ostenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0023","first-page":"101","article-title":"A simple risk chart for initial risk assessment of 30-day mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock from ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001191","article-title":"Lactate is a prognostic factor in patients admitted with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"51","author":"Frydland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247295","article-title":"Impact of lactate on 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with and without out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"Rusnak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2021.08.007","article-title":"Lactate levels as a prognostic predict in cardiogenic shock under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support","volume":"75","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Solano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.06.005","article-title":"Serum lactate as a potential biomarker of malignancy in primary adult brain tumours","volume":"22","author":"Mariappan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R218","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13035","article-title":"Prognostic value of admission blood glucose level in patients with and without diabetes mellitus who sustain ST segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.04.008","article-title":"Prognostic impact of plasma glucose on patients with cardiogenic shock with or without diabetes mellitus from the SMART RESCUE trial","volume":"175","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.12.014","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"25","author":"Zeller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.028","article-title":"In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, admission glucose level is a strong independent predictor for 1-year mortality in patients without a prior diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"154","author":"Vis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.033","article-title":"The association of admission blood glucose level with the clinical picture and prognosis in cardiogenic shock \u2013 results from the CardShock study","volume":"226","author":"Kataja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.242","article-title":"Prognostic impact of established and novel renal function biomarkers in myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock: A biomarker substudy of the IABP-SHOCK II-trial","volume":"191","author":"Fuernau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091348","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I but not N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts outcomes in cardiogenic shock","volume":"13","author":"Schupp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.12.009","article-title":"Usefulness of cardiac biomarkers to predict cardiac recovery in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiogenic shock","volume":"27","author":"Luyt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143714555303","article-title":"Raised cardiac troponin in intensive care patients with sepsis, in the absence of angiographically documented coronary artery disease: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Zochios","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0037","first-page":"41","article-title":"Prognostic significance of troponin in patients with malignancy (NIHR Health Informatics Collaborative TROP-MALIGNANCY study)","volume":"10","author":"Samuel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R152","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11467","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is the strongest predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction","volume":"16","author":"Andri\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.08.069","article-title":"Kinetics of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in cardiogenic shock \u2013 Insights from the CardShock study","volume":"322","author":"Kataja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0040","first-page":"201","article-title":"Kinetic of procalcitonin in patients with cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction: Preliminary data","volume":"2","author":"Picariello","year":"2010","journal-title":"HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2018.54.1.48","article-title":"Predictive value of procalcitonin for infection and survival in adult cardiogenic shock patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chonnam Med J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01067-9","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: A meta-analysis of mortality and complications","volume":"12","author":"Rajsic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.11.63","article-title":"Role of procalcitonin use in the management of sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Gregoriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526515666150320162950","article-title":"Lung cancer may increase serum procalcitonin level","volume":"15","author":"Avrillon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.07.177","article-title":"Clinical correlates and prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in left ventricular assist device recipients with cardiogenic shock: Insights from INTERMACS","volume":"205","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.83","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock","volume":"69","author":"Katayama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2020.07.002","article-title":"Role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the prediction of outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066607307523","article-title":"Clinical utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in early severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"22","author":"Rivers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178607","article-title":"Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels are elevated in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Bando","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa570","article-title":"A practical risk score for early prediction of neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: MIRACLE2","volume":"41","author":"Pareek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000226739.30655.75","article-title":"Acidosis impairs the coagulation: A thromboelastographic study","volume":"61","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0052","first-page":"350","article-title":"Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival in patients treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: The PREDICT VA-ECMO score","volume":"8","author":"Wengenmayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04249-w","article-title":"Parameters associated with successful weaning of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1519","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: Lactate and the lung","volume":"6","author":"Iscra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2478\/jomb-2018-0018","article-title":"Serum lactate as reliable biomarker of acute kidney injury in low-risk cardiac surgery patients","volume":"38","author":"Radovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Biochem"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001826","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis affects serum lactate level measurement while assessing disease severity in patients with sepsis","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v3.i4.225","article-title":"Plasma D (\u2212)-lactate as a new marker for diagnosis of acute intestinal injury following ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"1997","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ana.0000211002.63774.8a","article-title":"Increased lactate levels impair the coagulation system \u2013 a potential contributing factor to progressive hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Engstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2019.28.2","article-title":"Troponins, acute coronary syndrome and renal disease: From acute kidney injury through end-stage kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R228","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11883","article-title":"Elevated troponin I and its prognostic significance in acute liver failure","volume":"16","author":"Audimooolam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398821991155","article-title":"Peak troponin predicts successful weaning from VA ECMO in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock","volume":"45","author":"North","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136903","article-title":"Predictive ability of procalcitonin for acute kidney injury: A narrative review focusing on the interference of infection","volume":"22","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0063","first-page":"51","article-title":"Procalcitonin and liver disease: A literature review","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17773","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17773","article-title":"Procalcitonin and intestinal ischemia: A review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Cosse","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-18","article-title":"Clinical significance of elevated B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute lung injury with or without right ventricular dilatation: An observational cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Cepkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12234","article-title":"Kidney function crucially affects B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proBNP and their relationship","volume":"44","author":"Takase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.02.003","article-title":"B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with the occurrence of bleeding events in heart failure patients with a history of coronary artery disease","volume":"80","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-023-00676-1","article-title":"Organ dysfunction, injury, and failure in cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"Shirakabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0069","first-page":"115","article-title":"Lactate and lactate clearance in acute cardiac care patients","volume":"1","author":"Attan\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.06.022","article-title":"Lactate and lactate clearance as valuable tool to evaluate ECMO therapy in cardiogenic shock","volume":"42","author":"Slottosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0229-2","article-title":"Adrenomedullin: A marker of impaired hemodynamics, organ dysfunction, and poor prognosis in cardiogenic shock","volume":"7","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10136-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of natriuretic peptides in heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Buchan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2020.12.016","article-title":"Prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: A Portuguese registry","volume":"41","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fe896","article-title":"Early assessment of outcome in cardiogenic shock: Relevance of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 levels","volume":"37","author":"Jarai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.195511","article-title":"Quantitative troponin and death, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest and new heart failure in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS): Insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events","volume":"97","author":"Jolly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030965","article-title":"C-reactive protein and white blood cell count in cardiogenic shock","volume":"12","author":"Dudda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0638","article-title":"Association of serum procalcitonin with cardiovascular prognosis in coronary artery disease","volume":"75","author":"Sinning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0946-6","article-title":"Diabetes and baseline glucose are associated with inflammation, left ventricular function and short- and long-term outcome in acute coronary syndromes: Role of the novel biomarker Cyr 61","volume":"18","author":"Winzap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz783","article-title":"Molecular signature of cardiogenic shock","volume":"41","author":"Iborra-Egea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.342","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock \u2013 a biomarker substudy of the Iabp-Shock ii-trial","volume":"17","author":"P\u00f6ss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs487","article-title":"Circulating angiopoietins and cardiovascular mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"34","author":"Link","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31825fdc31","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 may contribute to multiple organ dysfunction and death in sepsis","volume":"40","author":"David","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0206","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 as a biomarker and target for immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0084","first-page":"557","article-title":"Biomarkers predictive of late cardiogenic shock development in patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Frydland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170437","article-title":"Vasopressin and copeptin release during sepsis and septic shock","volume":"136","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0431","article-title":"Copeptin is not useful as a marker of malignant disease in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"9","author":"Winzeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad545","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 plasma levels predict cardiogenic shock and mortality in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"44","author":"Wenzl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03471-2","article-title":"Monitoring circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) predicts improvement of organ failure and survival in sepsis: A prospective observational multinational study","volume":"25","author":"Blet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.974035","article-title":"DPP3: From biomarker to therapeutic target of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237168","article-title":"Circulating galectin-3 in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction treated with mild hypothermia: A biomarker sub-study of the SHOCK-COOL trial","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220940","article-title":"Serum galectin-3 levels predict poor prognosis in sepsis and septic shock patients","volume":"69","author":"Karabacak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-018-0668-y","article-title":"Prognostic role of galectin-3 expression in patients with solid tumors: A meta-analysis of 36 eligible studies","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.117","article-title":"Growth-differentiation factor 15 and osteoprotegerin in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A biomarker substudy of the Iabp-Shock II-trial","volume":"16","author":"Fuernau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0094","article-title":"The clinical value of GDF15 and its prospective mechanism in sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2019.1685988","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 and its role in carcinogenesis: An update","volume":"37","author":"Modi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03351-1","article-title":"Circulating bioactive adrenomedullin as a marker of sepsis, septic shock and critical illness","volume":"24","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.589218","article-title":"Targeting adrenomedullin in oncology: A feasible strategy with potential as much more than an alternative anti-angiogenic therapy","volume":"10","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0235-0","article-title":"Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP) level in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Prognostic and diagnostic significance","volume":"40","author":"Lipinska-Gediga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2015.35.6.570","article-title":"Soluble ST2 has a prognostic role in patients with suspected sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Hur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38315-2_7","article-title":"ST2 signaling in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"1240","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001195","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with mortality in patients with acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock","volume":"51","author":"Kastl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.07.012","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein level as a predictor of 28-day mortality and bowel ischemia in patients with septic shock: A preliminary study","volume":"42","author":"Sekino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0103","first-page":"731","article-title":"Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor improves early risk stratification in cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"Hongisto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001434","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of suPAR in patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061647","article-title":"Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) concentrations are elevated in patients with neuroendocrine malignancies","volume":"9","author":"\u00d6zdirik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr358","article-title":"Impact of sepsis on levels of plasma cystatin C in AKI and non-AKI patients","volume":"27","author":"Martensson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2017.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation of cystatin C in malignancy and comparability of estimates of GFR in oncology patients","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pract Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0108","first-page":"5604","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic values of serum and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in sepsis induced acute renal injury patients","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1496","article-title":"KIM-1 as a blood-based marker for early detection of kidney cancer: A prospective nested case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Scelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0003-y","article-title":"Influence of severity of illness on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin performance as a marker of acute kidney injury: A prospective cohort study of patients with sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Vanmassenhove","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1738","article-title":"Roles of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in human cancer","volume":"5","author":"Candido","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0112","first-page":"224","article-title":"Plasma interleukin-6 levels correlate with survival in patients with bacterial sepsis and septic shock","volume":"11","author":"Vivas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interv Med Appl Sci"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29820","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25661","article-title":"Systematic literature review of IL-6 as a biomarker or treatment target in patients with gastric, bile duct, pancreatic and colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Vainer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0114","first-page":"211","article-title":"FGF-23 is associated with increased disease severity and early mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"2","author":"P\u00f6ss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12588","article-title":"Intact FGF23 and \u03b1-Klotho during acute inflammation\/sepsis in CKD patients","volume":"46","author":"Dounousi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.601006","article-title":"Role of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and \u03b1Klotho in cancer","volume":"8","author":"Ewendt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00814-8","article-title":"Predictive value of plasma proenkephalin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in acute kidney injury and mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"J\u00e4ntti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.6.466","article-title":"Proenkephalin predicts organ failure, renal replacement therapy, and mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab110","article-title":"The novel cystatin C, lactate, interleukin-6, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (CLIP)-based mortality risk score in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"42","author":"Ceglarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz294","article-title":"Protein-based cardiogenic shock patient classifier","volume":"40","author":"Rueda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0121","first-page":"244","article-title":"The clinical value of angiopoietin-2 in liver diseases","volume":"19","author":"Farshidpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181b11ae4","article-title":"Copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin, is associated with accelerated renal function decline in renal transplant recipients","volume":"88","author":"Meijer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02888-5","article-title":"Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-3 at admission is associated with circulatory failure, acute kidney injury and death in severely ill burn patients","volume":"24","author":"D\u00e9pret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.949264","article-title":"Galectin-3 inhibitor GB0139 protects against acute lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and activation","volume":"13","author":"Humphries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0","article-title":"Galectin-3 in septic acute kidney injury: A translational study","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.744518","article-title":"Role of galectins in the liver diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac128","article-title":"Galectin-3 inhibitors as novel antithrombotic drugs with almost no bleeding risk: Wishful thinking or a realistic vision?","volume":"43","author":"Jakobs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001759","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction biomarkers are associated with potential for successful separation from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children","volume":"69","author":"Coletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10705","article-title":"Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor-15 in brain disorders (review)","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1482-3","article-title":"Preoperative plasma growth-differentiation factor-15 for prediction of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"20","author":"Heringlake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.06.001","article-title":"Growth-differentiation factor 15 and risk of major bleeding in atrial fibrillation: Insights from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) trial","volume":"190","author":"Hijazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165193","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and sepsis after cardiac surgery: The roles of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7, and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin","volume":"12","author":"Lacquaniti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.04.004","article-title":"Up-regulation of interleukin 33 and soluble ST2 serum levels in liver failure","volume":"163","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.144439","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic significance of suPAR in traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-022-02300-2","article-title":"Predictive value of suPAR in AKI: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.850","article-title":"Soluble urokinase receptor and liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.06.011","article-title":"Cystatin C and creatinine as markers of bleeding complications, cardiovascular events and mortality during oral anticoagulant treatment","volume":"132","author":"Lind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.07.22","article-title":"Biochemical markers of acute intestinal ischemia: Possibilities and limitations","volume":"6","author":"Montagnana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1159\/000509856","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 23 and \u03b1Klotho in acute kidney injury: Current status in diagnostic and therapeutic applications","volume":"144","author":"Neyra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170347","article-title":"Adrenomedullin \u2013 current perspective on a peptide hormone with significant therapeutic potential","volume":"131","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00292","article-title":"Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin-targeted therapy as treatment strategies relevant for sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Geven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.12.038","article-title":"Prognostic value of midregional pro-adrenomedullin in patients with acute myocardial infarction: The LAMP (Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide) study","volume":"49","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1148","article-title":"Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide additively stimulate production of adrenomedullin in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"207","author":"Sugo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.228","article-title":"Incremental value of biomarkers to clinical variables for mortality prediction in acutely decompensated heart failure: The Multinational Observational Cohort on Acute Heart Failure (MOCA) study","volume":"168","author":"Lassus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3336","article-title":"Biologically active adrenomedullin as a marker for residual congestion and early rehospitalization in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: Data from STRONG-HF","volume":"26","author":"Voordes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194512","article-title":"Elevated plasma bioactive adrenomedullin and mortality in cardiogenic shock: Results from the OptimaCC trial","volume":"10","author":"Takagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00338-X","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Nishikimi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R34","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13731","article-title":"Plasma adrenomedullin is associated with short-term mortality and vasopressor requirement in patients admitted with sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07357","article-title":"Novel therapeutic role for dipeptidyl peptidase III in the treatment of hypertension","volume":"68","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00561-9","article-title":"Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 on intensive care unit admission is a predictor of organ dysfunction and mortality","volume":"9","author":"Frigyesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1600","article-title":"Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 and alteration in haemodynamics in cardiogenic shock: Results from the OptimaCC trial","volume":"22","author":"Takagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071350","article-title":"Dipeptidyl amino-peptidase 3 (DPP3) as an early marker of severity in a patient population with cardiogenic shock","volume":"13","author":"Innelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0153","first-page":"437","article-title":"Initial systolic blood pressure associates with systemic inflammation, myocardial injury, and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"12","author":"Winzap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcad027","article-title":"Occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery presenting as acute coronary syndrome with and without ST-elevation: Impact of inflammation and outcomes in a real-world prospective cohort","volume":"9","author":"Bruno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.12.016","article-title":"Studies on bacterial endotoxin and intestinal absorption function in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"157","author":"Sandek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.02.014","article-title":"Circulating intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) levels in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"50","author":"Kitai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828c26b5","article-title":"Enterocyte damage in critically ill patients is associated with shock condition and 28-day mortality","volume":"41","author":"Piton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-011-0187-x","article-title":"Cell signaling of angiotensin II on vascular tone: Novel mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen Dinh Cat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050471","article-title":"Role of angiopoietin-2 in vascular physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Akwii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2022-0077","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the angiopoietin-2 for early prediction of septic shock in severe sepsis patients","volume":"8","author":"Thanh Duyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826710389410","article-title":"Stepwise increase of angiopoietin-2 serum levels is related to haemodynamic and functional impairment in stable chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Eleuteri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft117","article-title":"Circulating angiopoietin-2, its soluble receptor Tie-2, and mortality in the general population","volume":"15","author":"Lorbeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.060","article-title":"Cardiac power is the strongest hemodynamic correlate of mortality in cardiogenic shock: A report from the SHOCK trial registry","volume":"44","author":"Fincke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1631560","article-title":"Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide","volume":"257","author":"Finkel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp784","article-title":"The role of FGF-23 in CKD-MBD and cardiovascular disease: Friend or foe?","volume":"25","author":"Larsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010121224","article-title":"FGF-23 associates with death, cardiovascular events, and initiation of chronic dialysis","volume":"22","author":"Kendrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.040","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 and death, heart failure, and cardiovascular events in community-living individuals","volume":"60","author":"Ix","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46122","article-title":"FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"121","author":"Faul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034650","article-title":"Regulation and effects of FGF23 in chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Musgrove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2019.02.001","article-title":"Cardiac FGF23: New insights into the role and function of FGF23 after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"40","author":"Schumacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.09.021","article-title":"Soluble ST2 in heart failure","volume":"443","author":"Dieplinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs006","article-title":"Soluble ST2 is associated with adverse outcome in patients with heart failure of ischaemic aetiology","volume":"14","author":"Broch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038705.69871.D9","article-title":"Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction","volume":"106","author":"Weinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e666","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002336","article-title":"Combined measurement of soluble ST2 and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide provides early assessment of severity in cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/02676591231169410","article-title":"Soluble ST2 predicts continuous renal replacement therapy in patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"39","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0176","first-page":"205","article-title":"Soluble ST2 levels in patients with cardiogenic and septic shock are not predictors of mortality","volume":"17","author":"Parenica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00024","article-title":"Multifaceted role of the Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications","volume":"8","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021796","article-title":"The uPA\/uPAR system orchestrates the inflammatory response, vascular homeostasis, and immune system in fibrosis progression","volume":"24","author":"Kanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/504294","article-title":"suPAR: The molecular crystal ball","volume":"27","author":"Thun\u00f8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4459","article-title":"Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cardiac disease","volume":"13","author":"Velissaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.06.049","article-title":"Frequency and prognostic significance of abnormal liver function tests in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"120","author":"J\u00e4ntti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0182","first-page":"E91","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in cardiogenic shock: A comprehensive review","volume":"98","author":"Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0183","first-page":"869","article-title":"Prognostic role of plasma galectin-3 levels in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Obeid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.7.4135","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury","volume":"273","author":"Ichimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00433.x","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury","volume":"62","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0186","article-title":"Diagnostic value of urinary kidney injury molecule 1 for acute kidney injury: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265307","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6265307","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) as an early predictor for acute kidney injury in post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in open heart surgery patients","volume":"2019","author":"Khreba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy382","article-title":"Plasma kidney injury molecule-1 (p-KIM-1) levels and deterioration of kidney function over 16\u2009years","volume":"35","author":"Schulz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002165","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as the real-time indicator of active kidney damage","volume":"71","author":"Mori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.020","article-title":"Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Haase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005544","article-title":"Proenkephalin, an opioid system surrogate, as a novel comprehensive renal marker in heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Emmens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2017.023598","article-title":"Proenkephalin (PENK) as a novel biomarker for kidney function","volume":"2","author":"Beunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2017.37.5.388","article-title":"Proenkephalin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and estimated glomerular filtration rates in patients with sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R056705","article-title":"Recent insights into the biological functions of liver fatty acid binding protein 1","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2760(97)00205-1","article-title":"Physiological properties and functions of intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins","volume":"1391","author":"Coe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C688","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00586.2001","article-title":"Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts","volume":"283","author":"Atshaves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040329","article-title":"Human aldolase B serum levels: A marker of liver injury","volume":"4","author":"Asaka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.07.017","article-title":"Usefulness of beta2-microglobulin as a predictor of all-cause and nonculprit lesion-related cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndromes (from the PROSPECT study)","volume":"116","author":"M\u00f6ckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfy056","article-title":"Using the newer kidney disease: Improving global outcomes criteria, beta-2-microglobulin levels associate with severity of acute kidney injury","volume":"11","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1160\/TH10-01-0073","article-title":"C1 inhibitor, a multi-functional serine protease inhibitor","volume":"104","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-023-02336-8","article-title":"Association of systemic inflammation with shock severity, 30-day mortality, and therapy response in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"113","author":"Dettling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.04.038","article-title":"Beneficial effects of C1 esterase inhibitor in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients who underwent surgical reperfusion: A randomised double-blind study","volume":"32","author":"Fattouch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261","article-title":"PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock","volume":"377","author":"Thiele","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.020745","article-title":"Circulating cystatin C is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular outcomes, development of renal impairment, and long-term mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease: The LIPID study","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318860","article-title":"Addition of cystatin C predicts cardiovascular death better than creatinine in intensive care","volume":"108","author":"Helmersson-Karlqvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e932","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002537","article-title":"Superiority of serum cystatin C over creatinine in prediction of long-term prognosis at discharge from ICU","volume":"45","author":"Ravn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S415595","article-title":"Cystatin C as a predictor of major adverse cardiovascular event in patients with acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock and renal impairment after coronary intervention","volume":"16","author":"Wasyanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.05.015","article-title":"How to understand the association between cystatin C levels and cardiovascular disease: Imbalance, counterbalance, or consequence?","volume":"62","author":"Salgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.05.005","article-title":"Macrophage responses to interferon-gamma are dependent on cystatin C levels","volume":"41","author":"Frend\u00e9us","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2208","article-title":"The CLIP-based mortality score in cardiogenic shock: Suitable only for cardiogenic shock?","volume":"23","author":"Deniau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-020-10078-5","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory burden correlates with severity and predicts outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock supported by a percutaneous mechanical assist device","volume":"14","author":"Diakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Trans Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12886","article-title":"Soluble ST2 in end-stage heart failure, before and after support with a left ventricular assist device","volume":"48","author":"Tseng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5826176","article-title":"Early sST2 liberation after implantation of a left ventricular assist device in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"2020","author":"Opfermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.09.008","article-title":"Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: A meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11143955","article-title":"Impella versus Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Batchelor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1508-8230","article-title":"Optimal tests to minimise bleeding and ischaemic complications in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"122","author":"Kanji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183193","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in cardiogenic shock patients on mechanical circulatory microaxial pump support","volume":"12","author":"Flierl","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2023.05.043","article-title":"Management of bleeding and hemolysis during percutaneous microaxial flow pump support: A practical approach","volume":"16","author":"Van Edom","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.07.013","article-title":"Utility of growth differentiation factor-15, a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation, in chronic heart failure: Insights from the HF-ACTION study","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023847","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 and risk of bleeding events: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"12","author":"Mathews","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12100","article-title":"GDF-15 prevents platelet integrin activation and thrombus formation","volume":"11","author":"Rossaint","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv491","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15 level predicts major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Results from the PLATO study","volume":"37","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.07.003","article-title":"Levels of growth differentiation factor 15 and early mortality risk stratification in cardiogenic shock","volume":"25","author":"Hongisto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-022-01347-y","article-title":"Impact of the elevated angiopoietin-2 levels during Impella support on the short-term prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Artif Organs"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061333","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 inhibition of thrombomodulin-mediated anticoagulation \u2013 a novel mechanism that may contribute to hypercoagulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Hultstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04196-2020","article-title":"Role of angiopoietin-2 in venous thrombus resolution and chronic thromboembolic disease","volume":"58","author":"Hobohm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac034","article-title":"Galectin 3 enhances platelet aggregation and thrombosis via dectin-1 activation: A translational study","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0298-z","article-title":"Dynamics and prognostic role of galectin-3 in patients with advanced heart failure, during left ventricular assist device support and following heart transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Coromilas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030765","article-title":"Recent advances in monoclonal antibody-based approaches in the management of bacterial sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Kharga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99291-z","article-title":"Tocilizumab reduces COVID-19 mortality and pathology in a dose and timing-dependent fashion: A multi-centric study","volume":"11","author":"Dur\u00e1n-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.053318","article-title":"Treatment effects of Interleukin-6 receptor antibodies for modulating the systemic inflammatory response after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (the IMICA trial): A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-center, randomized, clinical trial","volume":"143","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0232","article-title":"Low-dose dobutamine infusion and single-dose tocilizumab in acute myocardial infarction patients with high risk of cardiogenic shock development \u2013 rationale and design of the DOBERMANN trial","volume":"12","author":"Bo Kunkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2006.04.022","article-title":"Administration of C1-esterase inhibitor during emergency coronary artery bypass surgery in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"30","author":"Thielmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1601","article-title":"Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 is a myocardial depressant factor: Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 inhibition rapidly and sustainably improves haemodynamics","volume":"22","author":"Deniau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7","article-title":"Risk stratification in cardiogenic shock: A focus on the available evidence","volume":"27","author":"Sciaccaluga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0236","first-page":"A152","article-title":"Important lessons from cardiogenic shock deaths with insight into normotensive cardiogenic shock, the trajectory of SCAI shock severity and timing of referrals for mechanical circulatory support","volume":"109","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0237","article-title":"Patients near to cardiogenic shock (CS) but without hypotension have similar prognosis when compared to patients with classic CS: Is it time for redefine CS? A FRENSHOCK multicenter registry analysis","volume":"11","author":"Delmas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064527","article-title":"Standardized definitions for cardiogenic shock research and mechanical circulatory support devices: Scientific expert panel from the Shock Academic Research Consortium (SHARC)","volume":"148","author":"Waksman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12154893","article-title":"Impact of a VA-ECMO in combination with an extracorporeal cytokine hemadsorption system in critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock \u2013 design and rationale of the ECMOsorb trial","volume":"12","author":"Haertel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040541","article-title":"Personalizing care for critically ill adults using omics: A concise review of potential clinical applications","volume":"12","author":"See","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.3050","article-title":"Regulation of circular RNAs in patients with cardiogenic shock","volume":"44","author":"Baum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.632398","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA H19 augments hypoxia\/reoxygenation-induced renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and injury by the miR-130a\/BCL2L11 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-020-00114-y","article-title":"The genetic basis of inter-individual variation in recovery from traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Cortes","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Regen Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04234-3","article-title":"Gene signature for the prediction of the trajectories of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003591","article-title":"Ultra-rapid nanopore whole genome genetic diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in an adolescent with cardiogenic shock","volume":"15","author":"Gorzynski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad597","article-title":"Towards personalized cardiovascular care: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events 3.0 score heralds artificial intelligence era","volume":"44","author":"Wenzl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02795","article-title":"Patients With Aldolase B Deficiency Are Characterized by Increased Intrahepatic Triglyceride Content","volume":"104","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0248","first-page":"599","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a novel biomarker for disease diagnosis and a target for therapy (Review)","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026021721482292400_ejhf3531-bib-0249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01862-7","article-title":"Admission blood glucose level and outcome in patients requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"110","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1106\/66824786\/eurjhf_27_6_1106.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1106\/66824786\/eurjhf_27_6_1106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T02:48:59Z","timestamp":1771382939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/27\/6\/1106\/8468449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}