{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1790345422200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the last decade, parvovirus B19 (B19V) has frequently been linked to the pathogenesis of myocarditis (MC) and its progression towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The exact role of the presence of B19V and its load remains controversial, as this virus is also found in the heart of healthy subjects. Moreover, the prognostic relevance of B19V prevalence in endomyocardial biopsies still remains unclear. As a result, it is unclear whether the presence of B19V should be treated. This review provides an overview of recent literature investigating the presence of B19V and its pathophysiological relevance in MC and DCM, as well as in normal hearts. In brief, no difference in B19V prevalence is observed between MC\/DCM and healthy control hearts. Therefore, the question remains open whether and how cardiac B19V may be of pathogenetic importance. Findings suggest that B19V is aetiologically relevant either in the presence of other cardiotropic viruses, or when B19V load is high and\/or actively replicating, which both may maintain myocardial (low-grade) inflammation. Therefore, future studies should focus on the prognostic relevance of the viral load, replicative status and virus co-infections. In addition, the immunogenetic background of MC\/DCM patients that makes them susceptible to develop heart failure upon presence of B19V should be more thoroughly investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T01:27:04Z","timestamp":1476667624000},"page":"1430-1441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Relevance of Cardiac Parvovirus B19 in Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Job","family":"Verdonschot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hazebroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jort","family":"Merken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Debing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Brunner-La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Heymans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre \u00a0","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800028","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"360","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156","article-title":"Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction","volume":"112","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0003","first-page":"499","article-title":"The fate of acute myocarditis between spontaneous improvement and evolution to dilated cardiomyopathy: a review","volume":"85","author":"D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s000590050010","article-title":"Prevalence of viral genome in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with inflammatory heart muscle disease","volume":"25","author":"Pankuweit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35","article-title":"High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with \u2018idiopathic\u2019 left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn296","article-title":"Acute viral myocarditis","volume":"29","author":"Dennert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.6.539","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease","volume":"78","author":"Baboonian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.10.3549","article-title":"Association of parvovirus B19 genome in children with myocarditis and cardiac allograft rejection: diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"96","author":"Schowengerdt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958249","article-title":"Myocardial parvovirus B19 persistence: lack of association with clinicopathologic phenotype in adults with heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2003.48","article-title":"Fatal parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis clinically mimicking ischemic heart disease: an endothelial cell-mediated disease","volume":"34","author":"Bultmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.22743","article-title":"Fatal parvovirus myocarditis in a 5-year-old girl","volume":"32","author":"Murry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01672-08","article-title":"High prevalence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in myocardial autopsy samples from subjects without myocarditis or dilative cardiomyopathy","volume":"47","author":"Schenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21821","article-title":"Low level myocardial parvovirus B19 persistence is a frequent finding in patients with heart disease but unrelated to ongoing myocardial injury","volume":"82","author":"Lotze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","volume":"350","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/898730","article-title":"arvovirus B19 achievements and challenges","author":"Gallinella","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0911362","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis","volume":"362","author":"Bock","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.05.003","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 experimental infection in human fibroblasts and endothelial cell cultures","volume":"114","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.019","article-title":"Transactivation of human parvovirus B19 gene expression in endothelial cells by adenoviral helper functions","volume":"411","author":"Pozzuto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00702-09","article-title":"The genome of human parvovirus B19 virus can replicate in non-permissive cells with the help of adenovirus genes and produces infectious virus","volume":"83","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i4.183","article-title":"Molecular phenotypes of human parvovirus B19 patients with myocarditis","volume":"6","author":"Bock","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0190-1","article-title":"Molecular pathology of inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"193","author":"Klingel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211117","article-title":"Erythrocyte P antigen: cellular receptor for B19 parvovirus","volume":"262","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1522","article-title":"Alpha5beta1 integrin as a cellular coreceptor for human parvovirus B19: requirement of functional activation of beta1 integrin for viral entry","volume":"102","author":"Weigel-Kelley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0536","article-title":"Ku80 autoantigen as a cellular coreceptor for human parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"106","author":"Munakata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00891-08","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 NS1 protein modulates inflammatory signaling by activation of STAT3\/PIAS3 in human endothelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Duechting","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00867.x","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19: a new emerging pathogen of inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"Bock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Med B"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000204110","article-title":"Inhibition of Na+\/H+ exchanger activity by parvovirus B19 protein NS1. Cellular physiology and biochemistry","volume":"23","author":"Lupescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Exp Cell Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.2014-2018.2002","article-title":"The VP1 unique region of parvovirus B19 and its constituent phospholipase A2-like activity","volume":"76","author":"Dorsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11370","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01041-06","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 activity-dependent stimulation of Ca2+ entry by human parvovirus B19 capsid protein VP1","volume":"80","author":"Lupescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-3-21","article-title":"Fatal parvoviral myocarditis: a case report and review of literature","volume":"3","author":"Tavora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12117","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.12117-12121.2005","article-title":"Sustained CD8+ T-cell responses induced after acute parvovirus B19 infection in humans","volume":"79","author":"Norbeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002361","article-title":"NS1 specific CD8+ T-cells with effector function and TRBV11 dominance in a patient with parvovirus B19 associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Streitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200405063501920","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","volume":"350","author":"Bultmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000085168.02782.2C","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection mimicking acute myocardial infarction","volume":"108","author":"Kuhl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.09.007","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses against parvovirus B19 in patients with myocardial disease","volume":"44","author":"Lindner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clinical Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-004-0079-z","article-title":"Frequency and quantity of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with suspected myocarditis or idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"93","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zeitschr Kardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00078-9","article-title":"Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens","volume":"34","author":"Pankuweit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1086\/648074","article-title":"Prevalence of parvovirus B19 and human bocavirus DNA in the heart of patients with no evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis","volume":"49","author":"Kuethe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology","volume":"109","author":"Mahrholdt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-015-0884-6","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in patients with parvovirus B19 positive endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"105","author":"Greulich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr052","article-title":"Myocarditis as a precipitating factor for heart failure: evaluation and 1-year follow-up using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"13","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-013-0372-y","article-title":"A distinct subgroup of cardiomyopathy patients characterized by transcriptionally active cardiotropic erythrovirus and altered cardiac gene expression","volume":"108","author":"Kuhl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.606509","article-title":"Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis","volume":"114","author":"Mahrholdt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000160863.30496.9B","article-title":"Differential aspects of endothelial function of the coronary microcirculation considering myocardial virus persistence, endothelial activation, and myocardial leukocyte infiltrates","volume":"111","author":"Vallbracht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203455","article-title":"The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease","volume":"69","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.09.007","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 and autoimmune diseases. Review of the literature and pathophysiological hypotheses","volume":"72","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199803)28:03<936::AID-IMMU936>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Chronic parvovirus B19 infection induces the production of anti-virus antibodies with autoantigen binding properties","volume":"28","author":"Lunardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0048","first-page":"88","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein-induced damage of cellular DNA and resultant apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Poole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Med"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067179","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 induced apoptotic bodies contain altered self-antigens that are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells","volume":"8","author":"Thammasri","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0211-0","article-title":"Frequent detection of parvovirus B19 genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"193","author":"Lotze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2004.12.116","article-title":"High prevalence of cardiotropic viruses in myocardial tissue from explanted hearts of heart transplant recipients and heart donors: a 3-year retrospective study from a German patients\u2019 pool","volume":"24","author":"Donoso Mantke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.02.002","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 is a bystander in adult myocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Koepsell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm076","article-title":"A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Caforio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155615.68924.B3","article-title":"High prevalence of cardiac parvovirus B19 infection in patients with isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"Tschope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.07.013","article-title":"Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and persistent viral infection: lack of association in a controlled study using a quantitative assay","volume":"21","author":"Moimas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9570-7","article-title":"The presence of enterovirus, adenovirus, and parvovirus B19 in myocardial tissue samples from autopsies: an evaluation of their frequencies in deceased individuals with myocarditis and in non-inflamed control hearts","volume":"10","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00648-X","article-title":"Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults","volume":"42","author":"Bowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.05.014","article-title":"Prevalence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in cardiac tissues of patients with congenital heart diseases indicated by nested PCR and in situ hybridization","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs027","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in endomyocardial biopsy specimens in individuals with recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Kubanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr014","article-title":"Expression of functional T-cell markers and T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in endomyocardial biopsies from patients presenting with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Noutsias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2003.12.013","article-title":"Analysing myocardial tissue from explanted hearts of heart transplant recipients and multi-organ donors for the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA","volume":"31","author":"Donoso Mantke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1516","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial biopsy-proven high PVB19 viral load","volume":"15","author":"Dennert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00281-12","article-title":"Differences in virus prevalence and load in the hearts of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with and without immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"19","author":"Dennert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.01.022","article-title":"High prevalence of viral genomes and inflammation in peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"193","author":"Bultmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21289","article-title":"Tissue persistence of parvovirus B19 genotypes in asymptomatic persons","volume":"80","author":"Corcioli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv321","article-title":"The microRNA-221\/-222 cluster balances the antiviral and inflammatory response in viral myocarditis","volume":"36","author":"Corsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.579","article-title":"Endomyocardial miR-133a levels correlate with myocardial inflammation, improved left ventricular function, and clinical outcome in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy","author":"Besler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-012-3656-3","article-title":"Schultheiss HP. miRNA as activity markers in Parvo B19 associated heart disease","volume":"37","author":"Kuhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.267443","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling identifies microRNA-155 as an adverse mediator of cardiac injury and dysfunction during acute viral myocarditis","volume":"111","author":"Corsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.023","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of gene\u2013environment interactions in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: applying the MOGE(S) classification","volume":"66","author":"Hazebroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-012-3662-5","article-title":"Molecular signatures and the study of gene expression profiles in inflammatory heart diseases","volume":"37","author":"Ruppert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2014.909455","article-title":"Association of innate immune IFIH1 gene polymorphisms with dilated cardiomyopathy in a Chinese population","volume":"43","author":"Dou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0122-9","article-title":"Genomic expression profiling of human inflammatory cardiomyopathy (DCMi) suggests novel therapeutic targets","volume":"85","author":"Wittchen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.06.009","article-title":"Presence of the viral genome in the myocardial tissue of patients without clinical suspicion of myocarditis","volume":"22","author":"Linhartova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61286-5","article-title":"Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error","volume":"64","author":"Hauck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proc"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924167","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy: differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance","volume":"122","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp328","article-title":"Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease","volume":"30","author":"Baccouche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0079","first-page":"605","article-title":"Clinical profile of patients with advanced age and inflammatoric dilated cardiomyopathy on endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"12","author":"Ohlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3401.095198","article-title":"Advances in the understanding of myocarditis","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.02.013","article-title":"Detection of viral genome in the myocardium: lack of prognostic and functional relevance in patients with acute dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"153","author":"Kuethe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0082","first-page":"CR589","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 profiles in patients presenting with acute myocarditis and chronic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Escher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9124","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.18.9124-9134.2002","article-title":"Genetic diversity within human erythroviruses: identification of three genotypes","volume":"76","author":"Servant","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21187","article-title":"Prevalence of erythrovirus genotypes in the myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"80","author":"Kuhl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22187","article-title":"Genotype-specific effects on left ventricular function in parvovirus B19-positive patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"83","author":"Ruppert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000443375","article-title":"Clinical significance of viral genome persistence in the myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"58","author":"Nowalany-Kozielska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-009-0026-2","article-title":"Myocardial inflammation and non-ischaemic heart failure: is there a role for C-reactive protein?","volume":"104","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-308080","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 myocarditis in children: an observational study","volume":"101","author":"Vigneswaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0468-4","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 myocarditis causes significant morbidity and mortality in children","volume":"34","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951113002369","article-title":"Paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical profile and outcome. The experience of a tertiary centre for paediatric cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040486","article-title":"The impact of specific viruses on clinical outcome in children presenting with acute heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.11.029","article-title":"Analysis of clinical parameters and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as predictors of outcome in pediatric myocarditis","volume":"115","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","article-title":"Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"18","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.606","article-title":"Long-term ourcome and its predictors in giant cell myocarditis","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.108","article-title":"Viral myocarditis \u2013 diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies","volume":"12","author":"Pollack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-0986-9","article-title":"Betaferon in chronic viral myocarditis (BICC) trial: effects of interferon-beta treatment in patients with chronic viral cardiomyopathy","volume":"105","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721164947600_ejhf665-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1086\/650700","article-title":"Interferon beta modulates endothelial damage in patients with cardiac persistence of human parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"201","author":"Schmidt-Lucke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejhf.665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejhf.665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/18\/12\/1430\/66379561\/eurjhf_18_12_1430.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/18\/12\/1430\/66379561\/eurjhf_18_12_1430.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:17:59Z","timestamp":1768702679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/18\/12\/1430\/8423097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.665","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]}}}