{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:44:27Z","timestamp":1792550667416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":145,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004346","name":"Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz f\u00fcr Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004346","name":"Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz f\u00fcr Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["961\u2010386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["961\u2010386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) related to cardiovascular disease are a major cause of death in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). We explored the impact of MASLD on incident MACE and overall mortality in the general population in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 14\u2009575 patients were included for the analysis. Elevated liver enzymes were present in 21.7% and MASLD, defined with a positive fatty liver index (FLI) in the absence of relevant alcohol use, was detected in 37% of participants. MACE were defined as a three-item composite endpoint of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and cardiovascular mortality (3-point MACE) and extended MACE (eMACE) including MACE criteria, incident atrial fibrillation and pulmonary embolism. In the group with a positive FLI (\u226560) a higher rate of male sex and a higher age as well as a higher prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors compared to the group with a negative FLI (&amp;lt;30) were present. At 5\u2009years of follow-up, 475 patients (3.7%) developed 3-point MACE and 577 (4.9%) developed eMACE. In the subgroup with MASLD, the incidence of eMACE was higher (7.1% vs. 3.7%; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). Using Cox regression analysis with a stepwise adjustment strategy, we were able to show an independent prediction of MACE and eMACE by hepatic steatosis under consideration of various confounders. The presence of MASLD was associated with an increased risk of developing MACE by 62.3% (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) and eMACE by 44.0% (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). Importantly, MASLD was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.55; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is an independent risk factor for MACE and is associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality. In the management of patients with cardiovascular risk, identification of MASLD can potentially refine their disease trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.70053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:20:36Z","timestamp":1758874836000},"page":"2490-2500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Incidence of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in the General Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen H.","family":"Prochaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Rhine Main , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Koeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Rhine Main , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Chalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Strauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"T\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Rhine Main , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias M.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Weinmann-Menke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Rhine Main , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Galle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn M.","family":"Schattenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Metabolic Liver Research Program, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg and Saarland University , Saarbr\u00fccken ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"PharmaScienceHub (PSH) , Saarbr\u00fccken ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","article-title":"Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD","volume":"79","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013","article-title":"An update on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: A global perspective","volume":"50","author":"Tinajero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1599","article-title":"The growing burden of disability related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2007-2017","volume":"4","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14825","article-title":"Disease burden and economic impact of diagnosed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in five European countries in 2018: A cost-of-illness analysis","volume":"41","author":"Schattenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28785","article-title":"The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.033","article-title":"NAFLD and liver transplantation: Current burden and expected challenges","volume":"65","author":"Pais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0088-6","article-title":"NASH leading cause of liver transplant in women: Updated analysis of indications for liver transplant and ethnic and gender variances","volume":"113","author":"Noureddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.064","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0013","first-page":"697","article-title":"Examining the nomenclature change from NAFLD and NASH to MASLD and MASH","volume":"19","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N\u2009Y)"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000670","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Update and impact of new nomenclature on the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidance on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"79","author":"Kanwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of steatotic liver disease (MASLD, MetALD, and ALD) in the United States: NHANES 2017-2020","volume":"22","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","article-title":"MASLD: A systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications","volume":"73","author":"Targher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.026","article-title":"99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical","volume":"80","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.018","article-title":"The risk of incident extrahepatic cancers is higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than obesity \u2013 a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05986-9","article-title":"Impact of NAFLD on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a primary care population in Germany","volume":"65","author":"Labenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.010","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01440-5","article-title":"Major adverse cardiovascular event definitions used in observational analysis of administrative databases: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Bosco","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 1: The epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"121","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322786","article-title":"Mortality in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Results from a nationwide cohort","volume":"70","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14856","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the incidence of myocardial infarction: A cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Sinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000401","article-title":"Women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease lose protection against cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00308-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mantovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1502-7","article-title":"The Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"55","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67402-8","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome \u2013 a new worldwide definition","volume":"366","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2309-6052","article-title":"Amendment \u201cNeue Nomenklatur zur MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; metabolische Dysfunktion assoziierte steatotische Lebererkrankung)\u201d zur S2k-Leitlinie \u201cNicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung\u201d (v. 2.0\/April 2022) der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs-und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS)","volume":"62","author":"Roeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33","article-title":"The fatty liver index: A simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population","volume":"6","author":"Bedogni","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14976","article-title":"Predictors of advanced fibrosis in non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Germany","volume":"48","author":"Labenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0037","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Liver-specific diagnostic for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) \u2013 time to replace liver biopsy?","volume":"58","author":"Michel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0112","article-title":"External validation of the fatty liver index and lipid accumulation product indices, using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to identify hepatic steatosis in healthy controls and obese, insulin-resistant individuals","volume":"171","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0039","article-title":"Prospective comparison of transient elastography, MRI and serum scores for grading steatosis and detecting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in bariatric surgery candidates","volume":"3","author":"Garteiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041022","article-title":"Impact of regulatory guidance on evaluating cardiovascular risk of new glucose-lowering therapies to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus: Lessons learned and future directions","volume":"141","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.4304","article-title":"Association of azithromycin with mortality and cardiovascular events among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia","volume":"311","author":"Mortensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.09.008","article-title":"The shortfall in long-term survival of patients with repaired thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysms: Retrospective case-control analysis of hospital episode statistics","volume":"46","author":"Karthikesalingam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0043","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Waterhouse","year":"1976"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309","article-title":"SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: New models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe","volume":"42","author":"SCORE2 working group and ESC Cardiovascular risk collaboration","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06954-y","article-title":"Fatty liver index and development of cardiovascular disease: Findings from the UK Biobank","volume":"66","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102292","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease increases the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15844","article-title":"Cardiac remodelling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population","volume":"44","author":"Kostka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30419-4","article-title":"Prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis in young adults in the UK: A population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Abeysekera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02430-7","article-title":"The prevalence of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents and young adults in the United States: Analysis of the NHANES database","volume":"22","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.034","article-title":"Low accuracy of FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scores for screening for liver fibrosis in the population","volume":"20","author":"Graupera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.05.033","article-title":"Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.020","article-title":"Metabolic inflammation-a role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"158","author":"Gehrke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2306192","article-title":"The association of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) with the risk of myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.07.030","article-title":"Association of hepatic steatosis with major adverse cardiovascular events, independent of coronary artery disease","volume":"19","author":"Meyersohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325724","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incident major adverse cardiovascular events: Results from a nationwide histology cohort","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15856","article-title":"Comparison of NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD characteristics and mortality outcomes in United States adults","volume":"44","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.11.006","article-title":"Hepatic, extra-hepatic outcomes and causes of mortality in NAFLD \u2013 an umbrella overview of systematic review of meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A state-of-the-art review","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15674","article-title":"The NAFLD burden on mortality and morbidities in general population: A community-based longitudinal study (NASH-CO study)","volume":"43","author":"Nabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27368","article-title":"Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33\u2009years of follow-up","volume":"61","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.027","article-title":"Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00501-9","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The interplay between metabolism, microbes and immunity","volume":"3","author":"Tilg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa099","article-title":"Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: Next steps in clinical translation","volume":"42","author":"Lawler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10543-8","article-title":"An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00389-8","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiovascular risk in patient with primary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Pisetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01701-3","article-title":"The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: Protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality","volume":"399","author":"Karlsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021721510392100_ejhf70053-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401755","article-title":"A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis","volume":"391","author":"Sanyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/27\/11\/2490\/66833954\/eurjhf_27_11_2490.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article-pdf\/27\/11\/2490\/66833954\/eurjhf_27_11_2490.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T02:51:28Z","timestamp":1771383088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjhf\/article\/27\/11\/2490\/8470423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.70053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-9842","1879-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-9842","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-0844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}