{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:19:33Z","timestamp":1789982373592,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Council","award":["DFG, KFO 274 \u2013 Platelets\u2014basic mechanisms and clinical implications"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG, KFO 274 \u2013 Platelets\u2014basic mechanisms and clinical implications"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005971","name":"German Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory biomarkers in patients with both ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart failure (HF) correlate with disease severity and prognosis. Experimental studies have shown activation of immune response mechanisms in the heart to provoke cardiac adverse remodelling and cause left ventricular dysfunction. Consequently, most of the clinical trials targeting elements of the immune response in HF attempted to modulate the inflammatory response. Surprisingly, clinical studies targeting immune effectors were either neutral or even increased pre-specified clinical endpoints, and some studies resulted in worsening of HF. This review discusses immune mediators involved in the pathogenesis and progression of HF and potential therapeutic applications targeting inflammation in HF. Besides more obvious settings featuring immune activation such as inflammatory or ischaemic cardiomyopathy, the relevance of immune activation in acute or chronic HF of other origins, including volume overload or valvular heart disease, is highlighted. Understanding how cell-specific and molecular mechanisms of the immune response interfere with cardiac remodelling in HF may open new avenues to design biomarkers or druggable targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T01:56:39Z","timestamp":1505094999000},"page":"1379-1389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Immune Mechanisms in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen , Tuebingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Bauersachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald F.","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen , Tuebingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12005","article-title":"Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide","volume":"1","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"ESC Heart Failure"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn333","article-title":"Myocardial repair\/remodelling following infarction: roles of local factors","volume":"81","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.161","article-title":"Mitral valve disease\u2014morphology and mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.279194","article-title":"Asymptomatic aortic stenosis in the elderly: a clinical review","volume":"310","author":"Manning","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/nm960","article-title":"Dendritic cell-induced autoimmune heart failure requires cooperation between adaptive and innate immunity","volume":"9","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800028","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"360","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026011721202629900_ejhf942-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217","article-title":"OPTIMIZE-HF Investigators and Coordinators. 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