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In search of transcription factors that potentially mediate the effects of superantigens at the nuclear level, we examined the capacity of staphylococcal superantigens to stimulate the activity of the transcriptional promoter factor activator protein\u20101 (AP\u20101). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed an increase in nuclear proteins that bound to the consensus AP\u20101 motif within 5 min following the stimulation of the monocytic cell line THP\u20101 with toxic shock syndrome toxin\u20101 (TSST\u20101) or staphylococcal entotoxin A. We show that mRNA levels for the subunits that compose AP\u20101, the protooncogenes <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>jun<\/jats:italic>, are up\u2010regulated by stimulation of THP\u20101 cells with TSST\u20101. The activated AP\u20101 complexes were functional, as evidenced by the capacity of TSST\u20101 to stimulate the expression of an AP\u20101\u2010driven reporter gene construct transfected into THP\u20101 cells. These results establish that the engagement of MHC class II molecules by superantigens increases the activity of functional AP\u20101 complexes and that this may proceed in part by transcriptional activation of <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>jun<\/jats:italic> protooncogenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1172777041000},"page":"2129-2135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Activator protein\u20101 (AP\u20101) is stimulated by microbial superantigens in human monocytic cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nikolaus S.","family":"Trede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Chatila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raif S.","family":"Geha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"Heberer\u2010Katz E.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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