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In the present study, the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> effect of RA\u2010SF on autoantibody production was tested in different strains of mice. Injection of RA\u2010SF induced the production of unorthodox autoantibodies (IgG1 rheumatoid factor, RF) in young (NZB X NZW)F1 mice as well as in their parental strains NZB and NZW, but not in normal mice (CBA) or in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency, indicating that the response is not caused by a conventional immune response against RA\u2010SF material. IgG1 RF production was rapidly induced and reached high levels already on day 7 and lasted for more than 90 days. The induction of IgG1 RF was not the result of polyclonal activation, since RA\u2010SF did not stimulate the production of other antibodies, such as autoantibodies against double\u2010stranded DNA, bromelain\u2010treated mouse red blood cells, myosin, transferrin, cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>, thyroglobulin or myoglobin or antibodies reactive with the hapten TNP. To elucidate the identity of the active substance in RA\u2010SF, responsible for IgG1 RF production, bound and unbound material of RA\u2010SF, eluted from a protein\u2010G column was injected into (NZB X NZW)F1 mice. Only the protein\u2010G binding material was active, indicating that the effect is mediated by autoantibodies or immune complexes in the synovial fluid. Further studies demonstrated that identical concentrations of protein obtained from a pool of normal human IgG or SF from seronegative RA and non\u2010RA arthritides patients did not contain the same activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T20:13:58Z","timestamp":1172780038000},"page":"684-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protein\u2010G binding material from synovial fluid of rhematoid arthritis patients induces unorthodox autoantibodies (IgG1 rheumatoid factor) in NZB, NZW and (NZB x NZW)F1 mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Manuchehr","family":"Abedi\u2010Valugerdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ridderstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Lettesj\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00c5Kan","family":"Str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erna","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(76)90094-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1984.tb00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1989.tb02466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.4.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb03314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830060812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(77)90326-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"599","volume":"14","author":"Cunningham A. 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