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However, the protective capacity of cytotoxic T cells induced by conventional proteins has not been tested <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> so far. We, therefore, evaluated the induction of protective cytotoxic T cells against three different full\u2010length recombinant viral proteins derived from a baculovirus expression system, <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> the glycoprotein and nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and the nucleoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). These viral proteins induced cytotoxic T cells in a T helper cell\u2010independent fashion which lysed infected target cells <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and protected mice from viral replication, immunopathological disease and growth of a tumor expressing the same antigen as a tumor antigen. These results are surprising, since it had been shown earlier for completely inactivated nonreplicating viral vaccines and again here for \u03b2\u2010propiolactone\u2010inactivated VSV or UV\u2010light inactivated LCMV that nonreplicating viral vaccines were incapable of inducing protective cytotoxic T cells. Our data show that immunization of mice with as little as 10 \u03bcg of non\u2010infectious viral proteins triggered long\u2010lasting CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell\u2010mediated antiviral immunity. It was found that the protein alone was only weakly able to induce cytotoxic T cells, and that association with cellular debris functioned as an adjuvant. These findings may be relevant for our understanding of the phenomenon of cross\u2010priming and have obvious implications for vaccine strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T23:14:53Z","timestamp":1172790893000},"page":"2228-2236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Induction of protective cytotoxic T cells with viral proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Martin F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Freer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chil Yong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hengartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf M.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90103-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/322687a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2435001","volume":"235","author":"Buus S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.4.903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.145.5.1353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01951491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"56","volume":"19","author":"Blanden R. 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