{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T08:58:56Z","timestamp":1760345936125},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]],"date-time":"2005-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4040,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms of CD4 depletion and hyporesponsiveness during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are still unknown. Given the ability of superantigens to stimulate a higher number of lymphocytes than conventional antigens, they may play a major role in this process. Recently, a novel superantigen, the rabies virus nucleocapsid (NC), was described in humans. In the present work, we tested the responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from asymptomatic HIV\u2010infected patients to this superantigen. In contrast to its effect in normal controls, NC failed to expand T cells from HIV\u2010infected individuals expressing the V\u03b28 family, and induced a strong decrease in the response to CD3 activation. This absence of response was not the consequence of programmed cell death, and was explained by an anergic state induced by the superantigen. NC superantigen was also able to induce polyclonal activation of B cells, as measured by the secretion of anti\u2010HIV antibodies and autoantibodies. Moreover, V\u03b28 depletion experiments showed that induction of autoantibody secretion was V\u03b28 dependent, whereas secretion of HIV\u20101 antibody was not. Interleukin secretion studies showed that NC was able to induce high levels of interleukin\u20104 and interleukin\u201010. Taken together, our results suggest a role for exogenous viral superantigens such as NC in the induction of T cell hyporesponsiveness and polyclonal B cell activation during HIV infection. The induction of a T<jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>2 response and the role of these superantigens in the immunopathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T19:54:10Z","timestamp":1172778850000},"page":"2595-2601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Viral superantigen\u2010induced hyporesponsiveness of T cells and polyclonal B cell activation in HIV\u20101 infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Scott\u2010Algara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Lafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Vuillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Pialoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dauguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Dighiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.57.1.183-289.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302043280508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1352911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(91)90092-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"529","volume":"312","author":"Gougeon M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"C. 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