{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1790247535180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4018,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>BALB\/c mice infected 7 weeks previously with <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and challenged with a recombinant vaccinia virus vPE16 expressing the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp160 show a marked delay in hepatic viral clearance as compared to mice infected with vPE16 alone. This increase in viral persistence is accompanied by reduced gp120\u2010specific Th1\u2010associated cytokine responses as well as by impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against targets expressing epitopes of the same antigen. To investigate the contribution of these defects to the observed delay in clearance of recombinant vaccinia virus, animals were challenged with vPE16 at different times following <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection, and virus titers in tissues and viral\u2010specific immune responses were measured simultaneously in the same animals. While normal resolution of virus occurred in schistosome\u2010infected mice prior to parasite egg deposition, persistence within the liver was observed in animals challenged during the onset and peak phase of granuloma formation (6 to 8 weeks after <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection). At later times, when schistosomiasis is in its chronic phase, normal viral clearance returned. This time course of viral resolution correlated in part with the observed pattern of decreased Th1 cytokine production toward viral antigens but was clearly less temporally related to the defect in virus\u2010specific CTL activity. Immunohistochemical staining of liver sections from vaccinia\/<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> co\u2010infected mice with polyclonal anti\u2010vaccinia antibodies revealed that viral epitopes are localized primarily within granulomas. These experiments suggest that egg granulomas, by providing a microenvironment for viral expansion, in combination with the cytokine imbalance present during schistosome infection, can promote the expansion of vaccinia virus and possibly other viral agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T19:52:12Z","timestamp":1172778732000},"page":"3050-3056","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Increased susceptibility of mice infected with <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i> to recombinant vaccinia virus: Association of viral persistence with egg granuloma formation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Actor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isam A.","family":"Eltoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Mark L.","family":"Buller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay A.","family":"Berzofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.440","volume":"49","author":"Darwich M. A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90657-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.10.2065886","volume":"5","author":"Blattner W. A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"1","volume":"830","author":"World Health Organization, Expert Committee","year":"1993","journal-title":"WHO Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74983-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90014-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.4.1322","volume":"146","author":"Grzych J. M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.1.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.10.3264","volume":"148","author":"Kullberg M. C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.3.948"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.3.488"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.1.31-41.1991","volume":"65","author":"Earl P. L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"473","volume":"35","author":"Buller R. M. L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"711","volume":"41","author":"von Lichtenberg F. C.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90497-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.9.3105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311578a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/233492a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.328","volume":"31","author":"Mikhail I. A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.6070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"353","volume":"10","author":"Ruby J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lymphokine Cytokine Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1992.tb01413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(92)90068-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.80-122.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Immunology and Molecular Biology of Parasitic Infections","author":"Newport G. R.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"211","volume":"145","author":"Warren K. S.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90168-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"67","volume":"86","author":"Bassily S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"Williams M. E. Montenegro S. Domingues A. L. Wynn T. A. Teixeira K. Mahanty S. Coutinho A.andSher A. J. Infect. Dis.1994 in press."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.1830241220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.1830241220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T02:27:36Z","timestamp":1698114456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.1830241220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.1830241220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.1830241220","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}