{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:49:30Z","timestamp":1765806570135},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]],"date-time":"2005-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3645,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the course of clinical trials on a birth control vaccine, it was found that some of the immunized women responded poorly to booster immunizations. This vaccine consists of a dimer of the \u03b2 chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (\u03b2hCG) and the \u03b1 chain of ovine luteinizing hormone (\u03b1oLH), linked to tetanus toxoid (TT) as a carrier. Changing this carrier to diphtheria toxoid resulted in reversion to high anti\u2010hCG antibody titers, indicating the extent to which the carrier influences anti\u2010ligand responses in this system. The suppression of anti\u2010hCG responses after booster immunizations was reminiscent of the phenomenon of carrier\u2010induced, epitope\u2010specific regulation. In a mouse model designed to test the effects of preimmunization with TT on anti\u2010hCG responses, we found that a single preimmunization with TT causes reduced anti\u2010hCG antibody responses in two out of four mouse strains, while anti\u2010\u03b1oLH antibody responses were not affected by the preimmunization with TT. This is particularly interesting considering that \u03b2hCG and \u03b1oLH were not presented when linked separately to TT. In an effort to devise a strategy to circumvent this carrier\u2010induced, ligand\u2010specific hyporesponsiveness, we investigated the effectiveness of a synthetic T helper epitope from TT as carrier. We show that preimmunization with TT causes a less profound reduction in anti\u2010hCG titers if the preimmunized mice are subsequently injected with \u03b1oLH\u2010\u03b2hCG conjugated to a synthetic tetanus toxin peptide recognized by TT\u2010induced and peptide\u2010induced T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T23:36:53Z","timestamp":1172792213000},"page":"3375-3380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Carrier\u2010induced epitope\u2010specific regulation and its bypass in a protein\u2010protein conjugate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Arunan","family":"Kaliyaperumal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virender S.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gursaran Prasad","family":"Talwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Raghupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.18.8532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Birth Control Vaccines","author":"Talwar G. 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