{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:44:10Z","timestamp":1770695050329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]],"date-time":"2005-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3583,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural infection with filarial nematode parasites results in immune responses skewed towards T helper (Th)2, while infection with mycobacteria shows many characteristics of a Th1\u2010dominated response. Cytokines typifying Th1, interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, and Th2, interleukin (IL)\u20104, were measured following stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from filarial patients with <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic> adult worm antigen (BmA) and purified protein derivative of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (PPD). In response to PPD, only 1 out of 81 patients produced IL\u20104, and this at an amount (4.4 pg\/ml) just above the detection limit, whereas 59% of patients responded to BmA by releasing IL\u20104. Conversely, substantial quantities of IFN\u2010\u03b3 were released in response to PPD (geometric mean 37.43 U\/ml) compared to low BmA\u2010stimulated IFN\u2010\u03b3 production in the same patients (geometric mean 5.02 U\/ml). These results demonstrate that the strong skewing of the cytokine environment towards Th2 in filarial patients <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> does not influence the predominance of a Th1 type immune response to PPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T01:55:43Z","timestamp":1172800543000},"page":"501-504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["In Th2\u2010biased lymphatic filarial patients, responses to purified protein derivative of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i> remain Th1"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Erliyani","family":"Sartono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne C. 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