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We investigated the mechanism of activation of macrophages to produce NO during trypanosomiasis <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. A soluble component of trypanosome lysates induced NO synthesis in peritoneal macrophage cultures only when the macrophages were co\u2010stimulated with interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3). The macrophage\u2010activating factor was also released in a soluble form by live bloodstream\u2010form trypanosomes, but not procyclic trypanosomes. When splenocyte cultures were exposed to IFN\u2010\u03b3 and trypanosomes, an NO\u2010dependent suppression of T cell proliferation occurred. This is similar to the suppression observed in the spleens of trypanosome\u2010infected mice, suggesting that a combination of trypanosome\u2010released macrophage\u2010activating factors and IFN\u2010\u03b3 are a trigger of immune dysfunction in trypanosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T01:50:12Z","timestamp":1172800212000},"page":"539-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Nitric oxide\u2010mediated suppression of T cell responses during <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i> infection: soluble trypanosome products and interferon\u2010\u03b3 are synergistic inducers of nitric oxide synthase"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Mabbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Immunology and Pathogenesis of Trypanosomiasis","author":"Bancroft G. 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