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The proliferative responses to adult worm antigen (AWA) increased significantly after treatment <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; (0.001) whereas purified protein derivative of tuberculin or phytohemagglutinin responsiveness was unaffected. Interleukin (IL)\u20104 production in response to both AWA and soluble egg antigen (SEA) increased markedly after treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), but IL\u20105 remained unchanged. None of the studied subjects released any measurable IL\u20102 and only 21% produced interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 in response to parasite antigens. The deficiency in either IFN\u2010\u03b3 or IL\u20102 release was not restored by chemotherapy. Thus chronic infection with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> is associated with the reversible down\u2010regulation of T cell proliferative responses and IL\u20104 release. Results from cell depletion experiments indicated that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were the target of this down\u2010modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T02:02:32Z","timestamp":1172800952000},"page":"1365-1370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Elevated proliferation and interleukin\u20104 release from CD4<sup>+<\/sup> cells after chemotherapy in human <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jane L.","family":"Grogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre M.","family":"Deelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.1.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.4.1322","volume":"146","author":"Grzych J.\u2010M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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