{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:41:52Z","timestamp":1791049312537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]],"date-time":"2005-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3364,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the avidity and CD28\u2010mediated co\u2010stimulatory requirements for the activation of T cells <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The strength of the T cell\/antigen\u2010presenting cell interaction was varied by using altered peptide ligands for stimulation. Co\u2010stimulatory requirements were studied using T cells from CD28\u2010deficient mice. The results indicate that T cell activation is not an all\u2010or\u2010nothing event, but occurs in distinct steps. For each step, a certain avidity, co\u2010stimulatory threshold or both, must be met. Depending upon the strength of the interaction between the T cell receptor and the major histocompatibility complex\/peptide and the presence of CD28 co\u2010stimulatory signals, T cells may undergo blast formation alone or proliferate or eventually both proliferate and differentiate to effector cells. Thus, T cell activation is governed by both avidity and co\u2010stimulatory thresholds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T02:34:16Z","timestamp":1172802856000},"page":"2017-2022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["T cell responses are governed by avidity and co\u2010stimulatory thresholds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Martin F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Sebzda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arda","family":"Shahinian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Speiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tak W.","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90000-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.001203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2113314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1990.tb00783.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"K\u00fcndig T. 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