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The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of monomethylfumarate (MMF), the most active metabolite of the new anti\u2010psoriatic drug Fumaderm\u00ae, on the production of cytokines and the development of Th subsets. MMF was found to enhance interleukin (IL)\u20104 and IL\u20105 production by CD2\/CD8 monoclonal antibody\u2010stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Maximal effects of MMF were found at a concentration of 200 \u03bcM and resulted in tenfold enhanced levels of IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 production. MMF did not affect the levels of IL\u20102 production, interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 production or proliferative T cell responses in these cultures. Similar effects of MMF were observed in cultures of purified peripheral blood T cells indicating that this compound can act directly on T cells. MMF did not influence cytokine production by purified CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD45RA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (unprimed) T cells, but greatly enhanced IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 production without affecting IFN\u2010\u03b3 production by purified CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD45R0<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (primed) T cells. Furthermore, MMF also augmented IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 production in established Th1\/Th0 clones that were stimulated with CD2\/CD28 monoclonal antibody. Finally, when PBMC were challenged with <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> that typically induces Th1 recall responses with strong IFN\u2010\u03b3 secretion, MMF again appeared to induce high levels of IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 secretion while IFN\u2010\u03b3 production was unaffected. These results may be relevant for the development of therapeutic regimens designed to correct inappropriate Th1 subset development in immunopathologic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T02:34:16Z","timestamp":1172802856000},"page":"2067-2074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Selective stimulation of T helper 2 cytokine responses by the anti\u2010psoriasis agent monomethylfumarate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rolien","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja C.","family":"Bezemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo P. 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