{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T10:27:00Z","timestamp":1760264820843},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]],"date-time":"2005-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3340,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the rheumatoid factors (RF) produced by Epstein\u2010Barr virus\u2010transformed monoclonal B cells established from four patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), three individuals with a history of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (TB) and four normal controls (NI). Fifty\u2010eight RF were analyzed for specific activity (international units\u2010RF\/\u03bcg) for the Fc part of IgG and their interaction with tetanus toxoid (TT) and DNA (polyspecificity). Furthermore, we sequenced the V\u2010D\u2010J heavy chain region of 16 (9TB\u2010\/7RA\u2010) RF. Significant differences were observed between the NI\u2010RF and the TB\u2010 and RA\u2010RF. While the RF repertoire of normal individuals comprised of low\u2010avidity RF of which the majority (15\/17) were polyspecific, more than half of the TB\u2010 and RA\u2010RF were monoreactive. Furthermore, the monospecific TB\u2010 and RA\u2010RF were of significantly higher avidity than the NI\u2010RF (RA &gt; TB \u226b NI). With respect to poly\u2010specificity, the RF in the three groups were comparable: the interaction with DNA, TT as well as with Fc was inhibited either by an increase of the ionic strength to 0.3\u20130.5 M NaCl or by addition of the polyanion dextran sulfate, indicating that the antibodies interacted with similar anionic epitopes shared by the three antigens. Analysis of the V\u2010D\u2010J heavy chain regions showed significant differences between the respective RF. The salt\u2010sensitive binding was highly correlated with the presence of arginine in the complementarity\u2010determining region 3 (CDR3). Furthermore, whereas the polyspecific RF consisted predominantly of germ\u2010line encoded antibodies, the genes of the monospecific RA\/TB\u2010RF were somatically mutated (RA &gt; TB). It is therefore likely that maturation of RF can be initiated by chronic infections and that monospecific, somatically mutated RF are not a unique characteristic of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830261031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1172799192000},"page":"2480-2486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparison of rheumatoid factors of rheumatoid arthritis patients, of individuals with mycobacterial infections and of normal controls: evidence for maturation in the absence of an autoimmune response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nargues","family":"Djavad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvette","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Schwager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Jeannet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Vischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Roosnek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"507","volume":"4","author":"Schmid F.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. 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