{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:28:12Z","timestamp":1788236892616,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2988,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zinc is a trace element which is essential for immune functions. It directly induces monokine secretion by monocytes; however, effects of zinc on T cells appear contradictory. Apart from enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), inhibitory properties of high zinc dosages have also been described. In this study, PBMC failed to produce lymphokines like interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 after stimulation with zinc in a serum\u2010 and LPS\u2010free cell culture system, whereas monokine secretion [interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2] occurred. Zinc\u2010uptake studies with the zinc\u2010specific fluorescent probe zinquin revealed that zinc is taken up by PBMC within a few minutes, reaching nearly equal levels in PBMC, isolated monocytes, and T cells. However, if zinc was depleted 1 h after monocyte induction, zinc\u2010free pre\u2010cultured T cells were stimulated to secrete IFN\u2010\u03b3 by zinc\u2010induced monokines. Furthermore, the necessity for a cell\u2010cell interaction between monocytes and T cells for IFN\u2010\u03b3 induction was elucidated. Zinc ions inhibited the proliferation of the IL\u20101\u2010dependent T cell line D 10N in a dose\u2010dependent manner, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect of zinc. By immunoprecipitation we revealed a specific inhibition of IL\u20101 receptor\u2010associated protein kinase (IRAK) by zinc ions. Therefore, in contrast to an indirect stimulation of T cells due to zinc\u2010induced monokines, higher concentrations of zinc directly inhibit T cell functions by means of specific inhibition of IRAK and subsequent signaling events such as NF<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>B activation. The divergent effects of zinc on different cell populations, depending on the zinc concentration, could explain contradictory results of zinc stimulation. Furthermore, our data suggest new strategies of specific zinc\u2010mediated immune modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T04:08:42Z","timestamp":1172808522000},"page":"2529-2535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Zinc inhibits interleukin\u20101\u2010dependent T cell stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nele","family":"Wellinghausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"1474","volume":"45","author":"Fraker P. 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