{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:08:46Z","timestamp":1761988126965},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2927,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>, the intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, interferes with the host immune response to establish a persistent infection. In this report, we demonstrate that macrophages infected with <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> are unable to effectively present antigens to CD4 T cells. The interference is due to defective antigen\u2010presenting cell (APC) function, as antigen\u2010independent stimulation of the T cell in the presence of infected macrophages is not affected. The defect is distal to antigen processing and is not due to decreased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, decreased viability, defective peptide loading in the infected macrophages, nor absence of CD28 co\u2010stimulation. There was a role for gp39:CD40 co\u2010stimulation during antigen presentation to the T cells we studied, but the expression of CD40 on <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages was not decreased. Antigen\u2010specific adhesion between macrophages and T cells was reduced by infection. Equivalent levels of the adhesion molecules lymphocyte function\u2010associated antigen\u20101, intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101, vascular cell adhesion molecule\u20101 or very late antigen\u20104 are found on infected and uninfected APC, suggesting that reduced expression of these adhesion molecules was not responsible for the defect in antigen\u2010specific adhesion. The defective T cell:macrophage adhesion may be due to the reduced expression of other adhesion molecules or other changes in the cell induced by infection. Interfering with MHC class II antigen presentation in infected macrophages may help <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> to blunt the immune response by the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T03:59:58Z","timestamp":1172807998000},"page":"3085-3094","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>\u2010infected macrophages are defective in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anne C.","family":"La Flamme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y.","family":"Rudensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley C.","family":"Van Voorhis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Control of Chagas Disease. 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