{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:09:11Z","timestamp":1793408951639,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]],"date-time":"2003-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1053993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neutrophils are generally considered to contribute to host defense through their potent microbicidal activity. However, there is accumulating evidence that neutrophils also have an important regulatory role in establishing the balance of Th1 and Th2 responses. This study investigated the role of neutrophils in defense against pulmonary <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> infection using neutrophil\u2010depleted BALB\/c mice generated by administering mAb RB6\u20138C5. Neutropenic mice with pulmonary infection survived significantly longer than control mice, but there was no difference between groups infected intravenously. On day\u20041 of infection, neutropenic mice had significantly smaller fungal burdens than control mice. On day\u20047, neutropenic mice had significantly higher lung concentrations of IL\u201010, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20104, and IL\u201012 than control mice, but there was no difference in IFN\u2010\u03b3 and MCP\u20101 levels. Neutrophils influenced the outcome of cryptococcal infection in mice through mechanisms that did not involve a reduction in early fungal burden. The absence of neutrophils in lung tissue during the initial stages of infection appeared to alter the inflammatory response in a manner thatwas subsequently beneficial to the host. Higher levels of Th1\u2010 and Th2\u2010associated cytokines in neutropenic mice could have simultaneously promoted a strong cellular response while reducing inflammatory damage to the lung. Our results support the emerging concept that neutrophils play an important function in modulating the development of the immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]],"date-time":"2003-05-27T16:03:22Z","timestamp":1054051402000},"page":"1744-1753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Neutropenia alters lung cytokine production in mice and reduces their susceptibility to pulmonary cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Aron\u2004J.","family":"Mednick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Feldmesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-12-3487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2779-2783.1994","article-title":"Neutrophils are critical for host defense against primary infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis in mice and participate in defense against re\u2010infection.","volume":"62","author":"Sj\u00f6stedt A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. 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