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Here, we demonstrate that a chimeric fusion protein (OX40L\u2010Fc) which stimulates T cells through OX40 and a monoclonal antibody which blocks CTLA\u20104, an inhibitory receptor on T cells, both enhanced the rate of granuloma maturation, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell proliferation, and killing of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. Costimulation\u2010based therapy induced no adverse fibrotic or necrotic reactions, and had no significant effect on the levels of endogenous anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u201010 and TGF\u2010\u03b2). Furthermore, both OX40L\u2010Fc and anti\u2010CTLA4could be co\u2010administered with conventional anti\u2010leishmanial drugs. Until now, enhancing T cell immunity by the manipulation of costimulatory pathways has only received serious attention for cancer immunotherapy, but our data provide a compelling argument for the evaluation of this approach in human VL and other infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,20]],"date-time":"2004-04-20T15:56:04Z","timestamp":1082476564000},"page":"1433-1440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Immunotherapy with OX40L\u2010Fc or anti\u2010CTLA\u20104 enhances local tissue responses and killing of <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Soombul","family":"Zubairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie\u2004L.","family":"Sanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul\u2004M.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1996.tb00921.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02127-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80366-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(01)00273-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.11.9.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.2160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00347-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612023396258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989958096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6284-6293.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.4153","article-title":"Blockade of CTLA\u20104 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen, Leishmania donovani.","volume":"161","author":"Murphy M. 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