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CSR leads to the production of antibodies of different isotypes whereas SHM leads to the selection of B cells expressing a BCR with high affinity for antigen. The activation\u2010induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was recently shown to play a key role in these two mechanisms, demonstrating for the first time that these maturation processes share a common mechanism. There is evidence that AID is involved in the somatic DNA alterations required for CSR and SHM. The mechanism of action of AID is unclear. As AID and APOBEC\u20101 display a sequence similarity, AID may act as an RNA\u2010editing enzyme. However, the immunological abnormalities observed in uracil\u2010N glycosylase deficiency in a recent study indirectly suggest that AID may edit DNA directly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]],"date-time":"2003-07-22T17:11:39Z","timestamp":1058893899000},"page":"2069-2073","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Mini\u2010review Activation\u2010induced cytidine deaminase: a dual role in class\u2010switch recombination and somatic hypermutation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Durandy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/342929a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90289-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06189.x","article-title":"Tracing B cell development in human germinal centres by molecular analysis of single cells picked from histological sections.","volume":"12","author":"Kuppers R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381751a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.26.18470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00079-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35080033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01438.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80117-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature727"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241524898"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70087-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.11.2104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81581-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80651-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/158.1.369","article-title":"DNA breaks in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes: evidence for a break\u2010and\u2010repair pathway of somatic hypermutation.","volume":"158","author":"Kong Q.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00059-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35041599"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.9.4139","article-title":"Ig S\u03b33 DNA\u2010specifc double strand breaks are induced in mitogen\u2010activated B cells and are implicated in switch recombination.","volume":"159","author":"Wuerffel R. 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