{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:38:42Z","timestamp":1791275922135,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,5]],"date-time":"2004-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infections with gastrointestinal helminths elicit potent Th2 responses, which ultimately result in their expulsion. However, during expulsion of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    this Th2 response also induces a severe enteropathy characterized by villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. Inducible costimulator (ICOS), a homologue of CD28, interacts with B7\u2010related protein 1, and has been shown to be important in T\u2010B cell interactions and antibody class switching. Significantly, ICOS appears to be involved in the induction of both Th1 and Th2 responses, but may be of heightened importance in Th2 responses. Here we employed a blocking antibody against ICOS to investigate the contribution of ICOS costimulation to the development of the protective and pathological immune responses induced during infection with\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We show that, although blocking ICOS resulted in a decrease in TNF\u2010\u03b1 and the Th2 cytokines IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 and serum levels of total IgE, it did not affect the expulsion of the adult parasites. Surprisingly, levels of IL\u20109, IL\u201013 and IL\u201010 were elevated and protection against the larval muscle stage of the parasite was enhanced. Importantly, these findings may relate to the fact that ICOS blockade significantly ameliorated the enteropathy that usually accompanies expulsion of the adult parasite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,5]],"date-time":"2004-08-05T10:06:48Z","timestamp":1091700408000},"page":"2854-2862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effect of inducible costimulator blockade on the pathological and protective immune responses induced by the gastrointestinal helminth\n                    <i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Scales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle X.","family":"Ierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose\u2010Carlos","family":"Gutierrez\u2010Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony\u2004J.","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Garside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine\u2004E.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Host protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice: activation of Th cell subsets and lymphokine secretion in mice expressing different response phenotypes.","volume":"74","author":"Grencis R. 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