{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:21:50Z","timestamp":1791116510494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,3]],"date-time":"2004-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytotoxic T\u2004lymphocytes (CTL) are essential for control of primary infections by many pathogens and in particular by non\u2010cytopathic viruses. It has been proposed that long\u2010term maintenance of CTL memory and control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is dependent upon the presence of T\u2004helper cells and interaction of antigen\u2010presenting cells and CTL via CD40 and its ligand CD40L. However, we demonstrate here that CD40\u2010CD40L interaction maintains CTL memory by induction of virus\u2010specific antibodies. In fact, loss of CTL memory responses and spread of virus in mice lacking CD40 or its ligand is prevented by repetitive therapeutic injections of LCMV\u2010specific antibodies. This indicates that antibodies are essential for long\u2010term control of non\u2010cytopathic virus and to maintain protective memory. Transfer of neutralizing antibodies or induction of antibodies by therapeutic vaccination within weeks after infection may therefore prove beneficial for the treatment of chronic virus infections such as HIV, hepatitis\u2004B, and hepatitis\u2004C.<\/jats:p><jats:p>See accompanying article <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1002\/eji.200324844\"> http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200324844<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T12:00:38Z","timestamp":1075896038000},"page":"317-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Maintenance of memory CTL responses by T\u2004helper cells and CD40\u2010CD40 ligand: antibodies provide the key"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Martin\u2004F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hunziker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf\u2004M.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tazio","family":"Storni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7688139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4833","article-title":"Analysis of 4\u20131BB ligand (4\u20131BBL)\u2010deficient mice and of mice lacking both 4\u20131BBL and CD28 reveals a role for 4\u20131BBL in skin allograft rejection and in the cytotoxic T\u2004cell response to influenza virus.","volume":"163","author":"DeBenedette M. 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