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Peptide vaccines are generally administered subcutaneously or intradermally, from where they must reach secondary lymphatic organs to induce an immune response. We analyzed the efficacy of peptide vaccines administered directly into a lymph node. Using a MHC class\u2004I\u2010binding peptide from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we found that intralymphatic injection enhanced immunogenicity by as much as 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u2004times when compared to subcutaneous and intradermal vaccination. Intralymphatic administration induced CD8 T\u2004cell responses with strong cytotoxic activity and IFN\u2010\u03b3 production that conferred long\u2010term protection against viral infections and tumors. These results should have immediate implications for clinical immunotherapy of infectious disease and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T13:19:06Z","timestamp":1106918346000},"page":"568-574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Direct intralymphatic injection of peptide vaccines enhances immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.\u2004C.","family":"H\u00e4ffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Zepter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Erdmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Maloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.\u2004J.","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Storni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Senti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"W\u00fcthrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.\u2004M.","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00084.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10495"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0196-52"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.150094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6909"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(96)00078-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.9.3640","article-title":"A monocyte conditioned medium is more effective than defined cytokines in mediating the terminal maturation of human dendritic cells.","volume":"90","author":"Reddy A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051630798"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346629a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7761853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.12.4301","article-title":"Antiviral protection by CD8+ versus CD4+ T\u2004cells. 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