{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T06:46:36Z","timestamp":1700030796180},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]],"date-time":"2005-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytotoxic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2004cells are key mediators of viral clearance during primary infection through their production of IFN\u2010\u03b3 and lysis of virally infected cells. Comparatively, the cytokines IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 are typically associated with the development of Th2 immune responses against allergens and parasites, while their influence on cytotoxic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2004cell responses is controversial. We have investigated the roles of IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 in the development of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2004cell responses against influenza infection. We show that in the absence of either IL\u20104 or IL\u201013, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2004cells proliferated and a normal secondary cytotoxic response developed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. In striking contrast, the absence of IL\u20104R\u03b1 resulted in impaired <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> proliferation and consequently no secondary CTL activity, whereas the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> response appeared normal. We show that the presence of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2004cell help, or the addition of exogenous IL\u20102 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, restored the response. Taken together, this work reveals previously unrecognized <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> redundancies between IL\u20104, IL\u201013 and IL\u20102 during immune responses against influenza virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]],"date-time":"2005-04-07T14:46:53Z","timestamp":1112885213000},"page":"1391-1398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["IL\u20104R\u03b1 signaling is important for CD8<sup>+<\/sup> T\u2004cell cytotoxicity in the absence of CD4<sup>+<\/sup> T\u2004cell help"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Benjamin\u2004J.","family":"Marsland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.10.3980","article-title":"Cellular events in the lymph node and lung of mice with influenza \u2010 consequences of depleting CD4+ T\u2004cells.","volume":"144","author":"Allan W.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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