{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:18:47Z","timestamp":1787498327732,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigated here the potential role of Toll\u2010like receptors (TLR) and the adaptor protein MyD88 in innate immunity responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a pathogenic encapsulated yeast. Peritoneal macrophages from MyD88\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    or TLR2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice released significantly less TNF\u2010\u03b1, compared with wild\u2010type controls, after\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation with whole yeasts. In contrast, no differences in TNF\u2010\u03b1 release were noted between macrophages from C3H\/HeJ mice, which have a loss of function mutation in TLR4, relative to C3H\/HeN controls. When MyD88\u2010 or TLR2\u2010deficient mice were infected with low doses of the H99 serotype A strain, all of the control animals, but none of MyD88\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    and only 38% of the TLR2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    animals survived, in association with higher fungal burden in the mutant mice. Both MyD88\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    and TLR2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    animals showed decreased TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201012p40 and\/or IFN\u2010\u03b3 expression in various organs during infection. No difference in susceptibility to experimental cryptococcosis was found between C3H\/HeJ mice and C3H\/HeN controls. In conclusion, our data indicate that TLR2 and MyD88, but not TLR4, critically contribute to anti\u2010cryptococcal defenses through the induction of increased TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201012 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 expression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T11:49:19Z","timestamp":1108468159000},"page":"870-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["MyD88 and TLR2, but not TLR4, are required for host defense against\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Biondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Midiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tomasello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Garufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2004Rosaria","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Bombaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Beninati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.5.837"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.5.1225-1229.1981","article-title":"Particle size of airborne Cryptococcus neoformans in a tower.","volume":"41","author":"Ruiz A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. 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