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This survival benefit was associated with enhanced bacterial clearance from circulation, spleen and kidney. The phagocytic activity of macrophages treated with ginsan was significantly enhanced against <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. However, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201012, and IL\u201018, was markedly down\u2010regulated in ginsan\u2010treated mice compared with those of control\u2010infected mice. The expression of Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) 2 and the adaptor molecule MyD88, which was greatly increased in septic macrophages, was significantly reduced by ginsan treatment <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Similarly, the expression of phospho\u2010JNK1\/2, phospho\u2010p38 MAPK, and NF\u2010\u03baB was decreased in the same culture system. These results illustrate that the antiseptic activity of ginsan can be attributed to enhanced bacterial clearance, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines via the TLR signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,12]],"date-time":"2005-12-12T13:44:18Z","timestamp":1134395058000},"page":"37-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll\u2010like receptor\u2010mediated inflammatory signals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ji\u2010Yeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u2010Soo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u2010Young","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun\u2010Kyung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon\u2010Sook","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gajin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie\u2010Young","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00212-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901213400307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3965-3970.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420010044006","article-title":"Gram\u2010positive organisms and sepsis.","volume":"154","author":"Bone R. 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