{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:17:24Z","timestamp":1790338644466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]],"date-time":"2006-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A potent Th1 immune response is critical to the control of tuberculosis. The impact of an additive Th2 response on the course of disease has so far been insufficiently characterized, despite increased morbidity after co\u2010infection with <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> and Th2\u2010eliciting helminths and possible involvement of Th2 polarization in reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Here, we describe the gene expression profile of murine bone marrow\u2010derived macrophages alternatively activated by IL\u20104 in response to infection with <jats:italic>M.\u2004tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. Comparison of transcriptional profiles of infected IL\u20104\u2010 and IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010activated macrophages revealed delayed and partially diminished responses to intracellular bacteria in alternatively activated macrophages, characterized by reduced exposure to nitrosative stress and increased iron availability, respectively. Alternative activation of host macrophages correlated with elevated expression of the <jats:italic>M.\u2004tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> iron storage protein bacterioferritin as well as reduced expression of the mycobactin synthesis genes <jats:italic>mbtI<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>mbtJ<\/jats:italic>. The extracellular matrix\u2010remodeling enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)\u201012 was induced in alternatively activated macrophages <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and MMP\u201012\u2010expressing macrophages were abundant at late, but not early, stages of tuberculosis in murine lungs. Our findings emphasize that alternative activation deprives macrophages of control mechanisms that limit mycobacterial growth <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, thus supporting intracellular persistence of <jats:italic>M.\u2004tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]],"date-time":"2006-02-14T16:24:35Z","timestamp":1139934275000},"page":"631-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Alternative activation deprives macrophages of a coordinated defense program to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Antje","family":"Kahnert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Seiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maik","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Bandermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Hahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Mollenkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan\u2004H.\u2004E.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2249","article-title":"An essential role for interferon\u2010gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"178","author":"Flynn J. 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