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We found that both i.n. and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of Q\u03b2\u2010VLP elicited strong and comparable specific IgG responses in serum and lung. Surprisingly, both routes also induced high levels of specific IgA in serum. In contrast, only i.n. administration of Q\u03b2\u2010VLP resulted in local IgA production in the lung. Efficient induction of B cell responses by i.n. administration of VLP was further supported by the presence of large numbers of germinal centers (GC) as well as memory B cells in the spleen and plasma cells in the bone marrow. Results obtained for the VLP itself could be extended to an antigen covalently attached to it. Specifically, i.n. immunization of mice with VLP displaying the influenza virus derived ectodomain of the M2 protein resulted in strong M2\u2010specific antibody responses as well as anti\u2010viral protection. In contrast, i.n. immunization with VLP displaying p33 peptide, the major CTL epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, induced relatively inefficient cytotoxic T cell responses, resulting in low numbers of specific T cells and poor effector cell differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that effective antibody\u2010based vaccines are achievable by i.n. administration of Q\u03b2\u2010VLP displaying specific antigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1197668858000},"page":"114-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Efficient induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses by virus\u2010like particles administered intranasally: implications for vaccine design"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Bessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather\u2004J.","family":"Hinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Jegerlehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin\u2004F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.1.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2884-2890.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02061-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3305::AID-IMMU3305>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00266-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.6211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200526285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32800ff5d6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8220","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.10.8220-8229.1998","article-title":"Nasal immunization of mice with human papillomavirus type 16\u2004virus\u2010like particles elicits neutralizing antibodies in mucosal secretions.","volume":"72","author":"Balmelli C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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