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TLR recognize pathogen\u2010associated molecular patterns, and trigger anti\u2010microbial innate immune responses ranging from the secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory mediators to the increase of natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Besides activating the innate immune response, TLR engagement also shapes the adaptive immune response. Indeed, the broad diversity of signaling pathways initiated by TLR is progressively unraveled. Recent reports suggested that among the anti\u2010microbial defenses they initiate, members of the TLR family can induce apoptosis. This review focuses on this newly described function of TLR, and emphasizes the similarities and differences between the different apoptosis\u2010signaling pathways described downstream of TLR. The functional relevance of TLR\u2010triggered apoptosis is also discussed, as therapeutic applications are likely to ensue in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,22]],"date-time":"2007-11-22T13:47:06Z","timestamp":1195739226000},"page":"3311-3318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptors\u2019 two\u2010edged sword: when immunity meets apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Salaun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Lebecque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Direct and indirect role of Toll\u2010like receptors in T cell mediated immunity.","volume":"1","author":"Xu D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. 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