{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1791266549803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> is an obligate intracellular bacterium, responsible for Q fever, which survives in macrophages by interfering with their microbicidal competence. As functional polarization of macrophages is critical for their microbicidal activity, we studied the activation program of monocyte\u2010derived macrophages (MDM) stimulated with <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>. This program was markedly distinct from that induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a canonical inducer of M1 polarization. Indeed, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> up\u2010regulated the expression of genes associated with M2 polarization, including TGF\u2010\u03b21, IL\u20101 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101ra), CCL18, the mannose receptor and arginase\u20101, and only up\u2010regulated the expression of two genes associated with M1 polarization, namely IL\u20106 and CXCL8. In contrast, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> down\u2010regulated the expression of genes associated with M1 polarization such as TNF, CD80, CCR7 and TLR\u20102. Functional analyses showed that <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\u2010stimulated MDM produced high levels of TGF\u2010\u03b21 and CCL18, and expressed the mannose receptor and arginase\u20101, the latter being associated with the prevention of nitric oxide production by MDM. Finally, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> induced the release of IL\u20106 and CXCL8 at a lower level than LPS\u2010stimulated MDM. Our results suggest that <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> stimulated an atypical M2 activation program that may account for the persistence of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> in macrophages.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supporting Information for this article is available at http:\/\/www.wiley\u2010vch.de\/contents\/jc_2040\/2008\/37917_s.pdf<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200738067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T16:22:00Z","timestamp":1205857320000},"page":"1065-1070","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>, the agent of Q fever, stimulates an atypical M2 activation program in human macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Benoit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Barbarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Olive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Louis","family":"Mege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.1067","article-title":"Cellular immunity in Q fever: modulation of responsiveness by a suppressor T cell\u2010monocyte circuit.","volume":"135","author":"Koster F. 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