{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:38:39Z","timestamp":1790919519167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,20]],"date-time":"2008-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1211241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous reports suggested that lethal toxin (LT)\u2010induced caspase\u20101 activity and\/or IL\u20101\u03b2 accounted for <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> (BA) infection lethality. In contrast, we now report that caspase\u20101\u2010mediated IL\u20101\u03b2 expression in response to BA spores is required for anti\u2010BA host defenses. Caspase\u20101<jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> and IL\u20101\u03b2<jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> mice are more susceptible than wild\u2010type (WT) mice to lethal BA infection, are less able to kill BA both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and addition of rIL\u20101\u03b2 to macrophages from these mice restored killing <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Non\u2010germinating BA spores induced caspase\u20101 activity, IL\u20101\u03b2 and nitric oxide, by which BA are killed in WT but not in caspase\u20101<jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> mice, suggesting that the spore itself stimulated inflammatory responses. While spores induced IL\u20101\u03b2 in LT\u2010susceptible and \u2010resistant macrophages, LT induced IL\u20101\u03b2 only in LT\u2010susceptible macrophages. Cooperation between MyD88\u2010dependent and \u2010independent signaling pathways was required for spore\u2010induced, but not LT\u2010induced, IL\u20101\u03b2. While both spores and LT induced caspase\u20101 activity and IL\u20101\u03b2, LT did not induce IL\u20101\u03b2 mRNA, and spores did not induce cell death. Thus different components of the same bacterium each induce IL\u20101\u03b2 by distinct signaling pathways. Whereas the spore\u2010induced IL\u20101\u03b2 limits BA infection, LT\u2010induced IL\u20101\u03b2 enables BA to escape host defenses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supporting Information for this article is available at www.wiley\u2010vch.de\/contents\/jc_2040\/2008\/38141_s.pdf<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,20]],"date-time":"2008-05-20T12:16:40Z","timestamp":1211285800000},"page":"1574-1584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i> spores and lethal toxin induce IL\u20101\u03b2 <i>via<\/i> functionally distinct signaling pathways"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tae\u2004Jin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhendu","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen\u2004E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie\u2004N.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Les","family":"Baillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan\u2004S.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.1.306-310.1985","article-title":"Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils.","volume":"47","author":"O'Brien J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. 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