{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T23:47:03Z","timestamp":1776988023405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Government of India","award":["SP\/SO\/B-04\/2000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP\/SO\/B-04\/2000"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Government of India","award":["SR\/SO\/HS-46\/2004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/SO\/HS-46\/2004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis has received limited attention. Most available drugs are toxic, and relapse after cure remains a chronic problem. Growing limitations in available chemotherapeutic strategies due to emerging resistant strains and lack of an effective vaccine strategy against visceral leishmaniasis deepens the crisis. Complete soluble antigen (CSA), from a \u03b21\u20104 galactosyltransferase expressing attenuated <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> parasite, induced protection against subsequent challenge and during active infections. CSA immunization was effective against both pentavalent antimony sensitive and resistant strains of <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>. Majority (\u223c85%) of the immunized animals showed sterile protection. Resolution of the disease required the presence of T cells, and the recovered animals remained immune to re\u2010challenge. Control of the parasites was dependent on type 1 CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> helper cells, which evolved in the presence of IL\u201012 and activated macrophages through the production of IFN\u2010\u03b3. Immunity was adoptively transferable and was dependent on both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. CSA immunization led to enhanced IFN\u2010\u03b3 production, while suppressing the IL\u201010 production. However, CSA immunization did not abrogate IL\u20104 production. Our results accentuate the need to establish a favorable cellular immunity while intervening with the development of Th2 cells during leishmania infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T22:07:52Z","timestamp":1247263672000},"page":"2146-2160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Complete protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with complete soluble antigen from attenuated <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> promastigotes involves Th1\u2010immunity and down\u2010regulation of IL\u201010"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Siddhartha Kumar","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kshudiram","family":"Naskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tripti","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Modabber F.","year":"1995","journal-title":"TDR 12th Programme Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Leishmaniasis Update WHO2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-007-9098-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1920-1928.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01549-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.3.359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.10.2722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis \u2010 current therapeutic modalities","volume":"123","author":"Sundar S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Survival of intracellular pathogens within human mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"25","author":"Murray H. W.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Receptors on phagocytic cells involved in microbial recognition","volume":"60","author":"Mosser D. M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunol. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60536-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.237-243.1999","article-title":"Compensation for decreased expression of B7 molecules on Leishmania \n                  infantum\u2010infected canine macrophages results in restoration of parasite\u2010specific T\u2010cell proliferation and gamma interferon production","volume":"67","author":"Pinelli E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2185-2197.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.2.233-240.2000","article-title":"Use of an attenuated leishmanial parasite as an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Mukhopadhyay S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.8.2763","article-title":"Differential production of Th1\u2010 and Th2\u2010derived cytokines does not determine the genetically controlled or vaccine\u2010induced rate of cure in murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"146","author":"Kaye P. M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.12.4244","article-title":"Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: role of endogenous IFN\u2010gamma in host defense and tissue granulomatous response","volume":"143","author":"Squires K. E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2002.2418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6284-6293.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1499-1507.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.3903-3911.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<2848::AID-IMMU2848>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116372"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80066-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6453-6462.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90137-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250913"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.9.4142","article-title":"Differential effects of blockade of CD28\u2010B7 on the development of Th1 or Th2 effector cells in experimental leishmaniasis","volume":"153","author":"Corry D. B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200206)32:6<1764::AID-IMMU1764>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6708","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6708","article-title":"Expression and contribution of B7\u20101 (CD80) and B7\u20102 (CD86) in the early immune response to Leishmania major infection","volume":"162","author":"Elloso M. M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.9.4460","article-title":"B7\u20102 blockade enhances T cell responses to Leishmania donovani","volume":"159","author":"Murphy M. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6294-6299.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","first-page":"977","volume-title":"Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates","author":"Murray H. W."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","first-page":"212","volume-title":"The Granulomatous Disorder","author":"Baker R. C. P."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri933"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.7.2290","article-title":"Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: production of interleukin 2 and interferon\u2010gamma, tissue immune reaction, and response to treatment with interleukin 2 and interferon\u2010gamma","volume":"138","author":"Murray H. W.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.11.3971","article-title":"Role of L3T4+ and LyT\u20102+ cells in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"140","author":"Stern J. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.6.1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.3730-3738.1993","article-title":"Gamma interferon response in secondary Leishmania major infection: role of CD8+T cells","volume":"61","author":"M\u00fcller I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.773-776.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"Host resistance to Khartoum strain of Leishmania donovani","volume":"45","author":"Stauber L. A.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Rice Inst. Pamphlets"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2470147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0426"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.200839017","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.200839017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.200839017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T18:29:34Z","timestamp":1694802574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.200839017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.200839017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200839017","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}