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In young mice, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are disproportionately important for immuno\u2010protection. To examine the situation in humans, we compared populations and clones of T cells from term and preterm babies, and adults. By comparison with \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, neonate\u2010derived \u03b3\u03b4 cells show stronger, pleiotropic functional responsiveness, and lack signatory deficits in IFN\u2010\u03b3 production. Emphasising the acquisition of functional competence <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>, IFN\u2010\u03b3 was produced by \u03b3\u03b4 cells sampled from premature births, and, although one month's post\u2010partum environmental exposure invariably increased their TNF\u2010\u03b1 production, it had no consistent effect on IFN\u2010\u03b3 or IL\u20102. In sum, \u03b3\u03b4 cells seem well positioned at birth to contribute to immuno\u2010protection and immuno\u2010regulation, possibly compensating for selective immaturity in the \u03b1\u03b2 compartment. With regard to the susceptibilities of preterm babies to viral infection, \u03b3\u03b4 cells from preterm neonates were commonly impaired in Toll\u2010like receptor\u20103 and \u20107 expression and compared with cells from term babies failed to optimise cytokine production in response to coincident TCR and TLR agonists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,18]],"date-time":"2009-06-18T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1245327628000},"page":"1794-1806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Neonates harbour highly active \u03b3\u03b4 T cells with selective impairments in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Deena L.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda F. 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