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Using an intradermal infection model, which allows for parasite visceralization, we have examined the ongoing immune responses in the DLN of BALB\/c mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although not unexpected, at early times post\u2010infection there is a marked B\u2010cell expansion in the DLN, which persists throughout infection. However, the characteristics of this response were of interest; as early as day 7 post\u2010infection, polyclonal antibodies (TNP, OVA, chromatin) were observed and the levels appeared comparable to the specific anti\u2010leishmania response. Although B\u2010cell\u2010deficient J\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    D BALB\/c mice are relatively resistant to infection, neither B\u2010cell\u2010derived IL\u201010 nor B\u2010cell antigen presentation appear to be primarily responsible for the elevated parasitemia. However, passive transfer and reconstitution of J\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    D BALB\/c with secretory immunoglobulins, (IgM or IgG; specific or non\u2010specific immune complexes) results in increased susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Further, J\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    D BALB\/c mice transgenetically reconstituted to secrete IgM demonstrated exacerbated disease in comparison to WT BALB\/c mice as early as 2 days post\u2010infection. Evidence suggests that complement activation (generation of C5a) and signaling\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the C5a receptor (CD88) is related to the disease exacerbation caused by IgM rather than cytokine levels (IL\u201010 or IFN\u2010\u03b3). Overall these studies indicate that polyclonal B\u2010cell activation, which is known to be associated with human visceral leishmaniasis, is an early and intrinsic characteristic of disease and may represent a target for therapeutic intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T07:09:25Z","timestamp":1268032165000},"page":"1355-1368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Murine visceral leishmaniasis: IgM and polyclonal B\u2010cell activation lead to disease exacerbation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Eszter","family":"Deak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Wing","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Goldsmith\u2010Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaise","family":"Dondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Lambris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"McMahon\u2010Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb7100011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"605","article-title":"Morphology of the spleen and lymph nodes in fatal visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Veress B.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3813","article-title":"Destruction of follicular dendritic cells during chronic visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"158","author":"Smelt S. 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