{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:06:22Z","timestamp":1788869182801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,30]],"date-time":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic> infection is an ideal model for defining T\u2010cell\u2010driven immunity, and also provides essential insights that may impact on potential helminth therapies currently in development. Conflicting host variables determine the efficiency of such treatments and we have identified host\u2010derived sex steroid hormones as key factors in the development of immunity. The female\u2010associated hormone 17\u2010\u03b2 estradiol (E2) significantly enhanced the generation of a Th2 response <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>; however, this stimulatory effect was found to be dispensable for the generation of immunity to <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> in the gender\u2010biased IL\u20104KO mouse model. In contrast, the male\u2010associated hormone dihydrotestosterone significantly inhibited the T\u2010cell stimulatory capacity of DC and directly suppressed the immune response of male IL\u20104KO mice, with worm expulsion restored following castration. This finding was associated with dramatically reduced IL\u201018 mRNA expression suggesting androgens may act <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> this cytokine to suppress Th2 immunity to <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>. This study has critical implications for the development and efficacy of potential helminth therapeutics and identifies host gender \u2013 specifically sex hormones \u2013 as important factors in the development of Th2 immunity in susceptible and immunocompromised mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,30]],"date-time":"2009-11-30T17:08:05Z","timestamp":1259600885000},"page":"406-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The role of sex hormones in the development of Th2 immunity in a gender\u2010biased model of <i>Trichuris muris<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Hardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:51"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.041749"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00027-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6562"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1469"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90173-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in immune response genes as a function of puberty","volume":"7","author":"Lamason R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. 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