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Here, we investigated whether IL\u201015 or IL\u201018 mediate the activity of IL\u201012 or function as independent activators of NK cells. In contrast to earlier studies that described IL\u201015 as crucial for NK\u2010cell priming in response to TLR ligands, the expression of IFN\u2010\u03b3, FasL, perforin and granzyme B by NK cells in <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice was completely preserved in the absence of IL\u201015, whereas the proliferative capacity of NK cells was lower than in WT mice. IFN\u2010\u03b3 secretion, cytotoxicity and FasL expression of NK cells from infected IL\u201018<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice were significantly reduced compared with controls, but, unlike IL\u201012, IL\u201018 was not essential for NK\u2010cell effector functions. Part of the NK\u2010cell\u2010stimulatory effect of IL\u201012 was dependent on IL\u201018. We conclude that IL\u201015 is not functioning as a universal NK\u2010cell priming signal and that IL\u201018 contributes to the NK\u2010cell response in visceral leishmaniasis. The cytokine requirements for NK\u2010cell activation appear to differ contingent upon the infectious pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T12:09:30Z","timestamp":1268050170000},"page":"1708-1717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["IL\u201018, but not IL\u201015, contributes to the IL\u201012\u2010dependent induction of NK\u2010cell effector functions by <i>Leishmania infantum in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Haeberlein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Sebald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schleicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2002.18802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1662"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3594"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071913"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01522.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.3.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.16.7196-7203.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.8.4279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.5.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600240103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80543-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.5.3075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-05-1749"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.3967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00994-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901872"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03687.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260722"}],"container-title":["European 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