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As in CL, BALB\/c mice infected with <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> showed increased levels of arginase in acute infection. Arginase 1 is the major isoform associated with infection and while the IL\u20104\u2010induced arginase pathway is operative in CL, IL\u201010 plays a crucial role in modulating arginase activity in VL, although a synergism with IL\u20104 is required. IL\u201010, in combination with IL\u20104, regulated both in vivo and ex vivo arginase 1 induction in a STAT6 and C\/EBP\u03b2\u2010dependent fashion. Further investigation toward the cause of such synergism suggests that induction of a STAT3\u2010dependent IL\u201010\u2010mediated cascade in VL triggers the expression and surface localization of the IL\u20104 receptor alpha (IL\u20104R\u03b1) which, in turn, enhances IL\u20104 responsiveness toward STAT6 and C\/EBP\u03b2\u2010dependent signaling for arginase 1. This could also offer a mechanistic explanation for the fact that, in spite of the low level of IL\u20104 in VL, enhanced IL\u20104\u2010R\u03b1 expression by IL\u201010 might markedly amplify IL\u20104\u2010mediated arginase 1 signaling and provide a possible mechanism for synergistic induction of arginase 1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]],"date-time":"2011-01-31T13:12:53Z","timestamp":1296479573000},"page":"992-1003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Expression of IL\u201010\u2010triggered STAT3\u2010dependent IL\u20104R\u03b1 is required for induction of arginase 1 in visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Arunima","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arijit","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanta","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pijush K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(95)02138-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2000.279.1.C248"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1003::AID-IMMU1003>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000947"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00096-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061886"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5251.987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0602325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3360001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6085-6090.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3416fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1671"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860.20","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.22.1_supplement.860.20","article-title":"Dominant arginase expression in a model of progressive visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Osorio Y. 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