{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:25:11Z","timestamp":1790911511725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]],"date-time":"2011-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Much has been learnt about the mechanisms of thymic self\u2010tolerance induction from work on both the rare autosomal recessive disease autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) and the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein mutated in this disease. Normally, AIRE drives low\u2010level expression of huge numbers of peripheral tissue\u2010specific antigens (TSAgs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), leading to the deletion of TSAg\u2010reactive thymocytes maturing nearby. The very recently discovered neutralizing autoantibodies (autoAbs) against Th17\u2010related cells and cytokines in two autoimmunity\u2010related syndromes associated with <jats:italic>AIRE<\/jats:italic>\u2010mutant thymi or AIRE\u2010deficient thymomas help to explain the chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) seen in both syndromes. The surprising parallels between these syndromes also demand new hypotheses and research into the consequences of AIRE deficiency and the ensuing autoimmunizing pathways, and suggest more appropriate treatment regimens as discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]],"date-time":"2011-05-13T16:09:31Z","timestamp":1305302971000},"page":"1517-1527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmunity against cytokines in APECED and thymoma patients: Clinical and pathogenetic implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Kisand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desa","family":"Lilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Laurent","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4rt","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Meager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Willcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.7.8.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297-393"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2136-c1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0935"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939883"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610070104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809986106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102391200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903555935"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181f1f63f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Immunodeficiency","author":"Asherson G. L.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-144634"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-286161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903510880"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380453"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009234107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06764"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.29.11.824"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7884"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00929-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200439"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03778.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0448-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0188-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","first-page":"3573","article-title":"Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling","volume":"119","author":"Eyerich S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1767"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1770"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00136-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07537"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-019679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.3007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03724"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009209107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.2.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.48.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10958.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.5940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810059106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35018111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands","volume":"95","author":"Akerstrom G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"Myasthenic and nonmyasthenic thymoma. An expansion of a minor cortical epithelial cell subset?","volume":"127","author":"Willcox N.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0909510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1090051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0910"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901000"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.201041253","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.201041253","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T05:49:30Z","timestamp":1697435370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.201041253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.201041253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201041253","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]]}}}