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Here, we conducted a detailed immunological analysis of human pericardial TB, to determine the effect of HIV\u20101 co\u2010infection on the phenotype of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB)\u2010specific memory T cells and the role of polyfunctional T cells at the disease site, using cells from pericardial fluid and blood of 74 patients with (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=50) and without (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=24) HIV\u20101 co\u2010infection. The MTB antigen\u2010induced IFN\u2010\u03b3 response was elevated at the disease site, irrespective of HIV\u20101 status or antigenic stimulant. However, the IFN\u2010\u03b3 ELISpot showed no clear evidence of increased numbers of antigen\u2010specific cells at the disease site except for ESAT\u20106 in HIV\u20101 uninfected individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.009). Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> memory T cells in the pericardial fluid of HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients were of a less differentiated phenotype, with the presence of polyfunctional CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells expressing TNF, IL\u20102 and IFN\u2010\u03b3. These results indicate that HIV\u20101 infection results in altered phenotype and function of MTB\u2010specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells at the disease site, which may contribute to the increased risk of developing TB at all stages of HIV\u20101 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T17:46:51Z","timestamp":1317836811000},"page":"147-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["HIV\u20101 infection alters CD4<sup>+<\/sup> memory T\u2010cell phenotype at the site of disease in extrapulmonary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kerryn","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mpiko","family":"Ntsekhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Scriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemi","family":"Tibazarwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Deffur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Hanekom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongani M.","family":"Mayosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin A.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656283"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Global tuberculosis control: key findings from the December 2009 WHO report","volume":"85","author":"WHO.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol. 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