{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:40:13Z","timestamp":1791049213658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]],"date-time":"2013-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholera toxin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) binds to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010ganglioside receptors present on all nucleated cells. Despite this, it is a very potent mucosal adjuvant that has a dramatic impact on immune cells, as well as nerve and epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. This fact has hampered our understanding of whether the adjuvanticity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> is direct or indirect, as cells that bind <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> may or may not be involved in its adjuvant function. The mucosal barrier is maintained by tight junctions between epithelial cells but dendritic cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DC<\/jats:styled-content>s) can protrude luminal dendrites. Here we investigated which cells are involved in the immune augmenting effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>. We explored oral immunizations with ovalbumin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OVA<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> in bone marrow chimeric mice deficient in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010ganglioside in defined cellular subsets. We found that chimeric mice lacking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1 in nonhematopoietic cells, including epithelial cells, mounted an unaltered intestinal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>g<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> response. In contrast, chimeric mice lacking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010expressing hematopoietic cells in general, or specifically <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010expressing conventional DCs (cDCs), largely failed to elicit anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OVA<\/jats:styled-content> adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the adjuvanticity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> does not require epithelial activation, but is directly dependent on the binding of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> to gut cDCs via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010ganglioside. These results could have important implications for the generation of novel oral adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T09:28:21Z","timestamp":1367918901000},"page":"1779-1788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Direct interaction between cholera toxin and dendritic cells is required for oral adjuvant activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeu\u2010Jiann","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelene W.","family":"Dahlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Section BMC Lund University Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Johansson\u2010Lindbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Section BMC Lund University Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Yrlid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.8.2.208-214.1973","article-title":"Tissue receptor for cholera exotoxin: postulated structure from studies with GM1 ganglioside and related glycolipids","volume":"8","author":"Holmgren J.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Infect. 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