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Harnessing their activity would promote vaccine efficacy, but it has been unclear how this can be achieved. We tested a panel of adjuvants for their ability to affect dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s. In comparison to the other adjuvants tested, the capacity of cholera toxin (CT<\/jats:styled-content>) to induce the migration of dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s was unique. Within 24 h of CT<\/jats:styled-content> injection, large numbers of highly activated dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s (including CD<\/jats:styled-content>103+<\/jats:sup> dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s) migrated to the draining lymph nodes and cross\u2010presented coinjected antigens, potently activating na\u00efve CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> T<\/jats:styled-content> cells. Peptide vaccines adjuvanted with CT<\/jats:styled-content> induced T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell responses uniquely characterized by dynamic cytokine responses including the production of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, and such vaccines were protective in situations reliant on CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell responses, including liver\u2010stage Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> challenge, or tumor challenge. This study is the first to examine the effects of adjuvants on CD<\/jats:styled-content>103+<\/jats:sup> dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s and identifies CT<\/jats:styled-content> as a prototypical adjuvant for the activation of CD<\/jats:styled-content>103+<\/jats:sup> dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s, opening the way to development of vaccines and adjuvants that specifically target dDC<\/jats:styled-content>s and generate effective CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]],"date-time":"2013-06-21T19:07:29Z","timestamp":1371841649000},"page":"2707-2717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Subcutaneous cholera toxin exposure induces potent CD<\/scp>103+<\/sup> dermal dendritic cell activation and migration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Simon H.","family":"Apte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Redmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny L.","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Schussek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise L.","family":"Doolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research Queensland Tropical Health Alliance and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(98)80144-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0091TR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5716-5725.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.1740-1747.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.5.2384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6502","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6502","article-title":"MHC class I\u2010restricted cytotoxic lymphocyte responses induced by enterotoxin\u2010based mucosal adjuvants","volume":"163","author":"Simmons C. 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