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Such information is important because there are indications that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells may influence the function of microenvironments depending on their developmental stage. Therefore, we investigated the migration of resting (na\u00efve), activated, and recently activated (memory) CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells through the different compartments of the spleen. Resting and recently activated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were separated from thoracic duct lymph and activated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were generated in vitro by cross\u2010linking the T\u2010cell receptor and CD28. The present study shows that all three CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell subsets selectively accumulate in the T\u2010cell zone of the spleen. However, only activated T cells induce the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and autoantibodies in rats and mice. Our results suggest that in a two\u2010step process they first activate B cells independent of the T\u2010cell receptor repertoire and CD40 ligand (CD154) expression. The activated B cells then form GCs whereby CD154\u2010dependend T\u2010cell help is needed. Thus, activated T cells may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases by activating autoreactive B cells in an Ag\u2010independent manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T22:02:18Z","timestamp":1381528938000},"page":"93-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Activated CD4<sup>+<\/sup> T cells enter the splenic T\u2010cell zone and induce autoantibody\u2010producing germinal centers through bystander activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Banczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Kalies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Nachbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Medical School of Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Medical School of Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Medical School of Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Teegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euroimmun AG  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Textor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"St\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euroimmun AG  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Group University of Manchester  Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine Institute of Anatomy University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2637"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90070-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-4-200108210-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3442"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(76)90191-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102288108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Migration of lymphoblasts in the rat","volume":"16","author":"Smith M. 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