{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:16:45Z","timestamp":1782861405020,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]],"date-time":"2013-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucosal boosting of BCG\u2010immunised individuals with a subunit tuberculosis (TB) vaccine would be highly desirable, considering that the lungs are the principal port of entry for <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB) and the site of the primary infection and reactivation. However, the main roadblock for subunit TB vaccine development is the lack of suitable adjuvants that could induce robust local and systemic immune responses. Here, we describe a novel vaccine delivery system that was designed to mimic, in part, the MTB pathogen itself. The surface of yellow carnauba wax nanoparticles was coated with the highly immunogenic Ag85B Ag of MTB and they were directed to the alveolar epithelial surfaces by the incorporation of the heparin\u2010binding hemagglutinin adhesion (HBHA) protein. Our results showed that the i.n. immunisation of BCG\u2010primed BALB\/c mice with nanoparticles adsorbed with Ag85B\u2010HBHA (Nano\u2010AH vaccine) induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses and IFN\u2010\u03b3 production, and multifunctional CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells expressing IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20102 and TNF\u2010\u03b1. Mice challenged with H37Rv MTB had a significantly reduced bacterial load in their lungs when compared with controls immunised with BCG alone. We therefore conclude that this immunisation approach is an effective means of boosting the BCG\u2010induced anti\u2010TB immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T06:42:47Z","timestamp":1384152167000},"page":"440-449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Mucosal delivery of antigen\u2010coated nanoparticles to lungs confers protective immunity against tuberculosis infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Stylianou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Centre St George's University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Jenner Institute John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil R.","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Centre St George's University of 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