{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:00:32Z","timestamp":1789750832083,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The intestinal microbiota influences not only metabolic processes, but also the mucosal and systemic immune systems. Here, we compare innate and adaptive immune responses against the intracellular pathogen<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>in germfree (GF) and conventional mice. We show that animals without endogenous microbiota are highly susceptible to primary infection with impaired activation and accumulation of phagocytes to the site of infection. Unexpectedly, secondary infection with otherwise lethal dose resulted in survival of all GF animals which cleared bacteria more rapidly and developed a stronger antilisterial CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>memory T\u2010cell response compared to conventional mice. In summary, lack of the intestinal microbiota impairs early innate immunity, but enhances activation and expansion of memory T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T17:54:54Z","timestamp":1393264494000},"page":"1710-1715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lack of microbiota reduces innate responses and enhances adaptive immunity against<i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Hans\u2010Willi","family":"Mittr\u00fccker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Gothenburg University Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zarzycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Philipps\u2010University Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan H. E.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Visekruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Philipps\u2010University Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Steinhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Philipps\u2010University Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00045-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of Mannozym on the course of LCMV infection in mice with undeveloped and normal immune system","volume":"39","author":"Anderlik P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta. Microbiol. Hung."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.3.785-791.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Intragastric infection of germfree and conventional mice with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"22","author":"Nardi R. M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"The relative lethality of intestinal bacteria for gnotobiotic rats with experimental intestinal strangulation","volume":"23","author":"Yale C. E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.8.3280-3287.1996","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in germfree mice may be due to lack of accumulation of L\u2010selectin+ CD44+ T cells in sites of inflammation","volume":"64","author":"Inagaki H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.5090-5096.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.3.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.04.519","article-title":"Congenital joint laxity and disproportionate dwarfism in a herd of beef cattle","volume":"215","author":"Cebra C. K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.4.1528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80110-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.5.496"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feji.201343927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.201343927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T14:41:29Z","timestamp":1716561689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.201343927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.201343927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201343927","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]}}}