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Our study aimed to investigate how anthelmintic treatment modulates antimycobacterial immunity, in a setting where helminth reinfection should not occur. We investigated the potential impact of helminth infection on immune responses to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (Mtb) in patients with latent Mtb infection with or without helminth infection (<jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>), and tested T\u2010cell responses before and after anthelmintic treatment. The study was performed in migrants resident in the United Kingdom, where reexposure and reinfection following anthelmintic treatment would not occur. The frequency of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells was measured following stimulation with Mtb Purified Protein Derivative or ESAT\u20106\/CFP\u201010 antigen, and concentrations of IFN\u2010\u03b3 in culture supernatants measured by ELISA and multiplex bead array. Helminth infection was associated with a lower frequency of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells, which increased following treatment. Patients with helminth infection showed a significant increase in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells (Treg) compared to those without helminth infection. There was a decrease in the frequency of Treg cells, and an associated increase in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells after the anthelmintic treatment. Here, we show a potential role of Treg cells in reducing the frequency and function of antimycobacterial CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells, and that these effects are reversed after anthelmintic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T16:52:42Z","timestamp":1449593562000},"page":"752-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\u2010specific CD4<sup>+<\/sup> T\u2010cell response is increased, and Treg cells decreased, in anthelmintic\u2010treated patients with latent TB"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Frederic","family":"Toulza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Tropical Diseases University College Hospital and Clinical Research Department London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom H. 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