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TLT has been shown to form in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, though it is not clear if and how TLT develops in the inflamed colon during inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that TLT develops as newly formed lymphoid tissue in the colon following dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in C57BL\/6 mice, where it can be distinguished from the preexisting colonic patches and solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue. TLT in the inflamed colon develops following the expression of lymphoid tissue\u2010inducing chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as CXCL13 and VCAM\u20101, respectively, which are produced by stromal organizer cells. Surprisingly, this process of TLT formation was independent of the lymphotoxin signaling pathway, but rather under neuronal control, as we demonstrate that selective surgical ablation of vagus nerve innervation inhibits CXCL13 expression and abrogates TLT formation without affecting colitis. Sympathetic neuron denervation does not affect TLT formation. Hence, we reveal that inflammation in the colon induces the formation of TLT, which is controlled by innervation through the vagus nerve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T05:17:00Z","timestamp":1469510220000},"page":"2467-2480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Vagal innervation is required for the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in colitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Brenda J.","family":"Olivier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Vrije Universiteit Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Hematopoiesis Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Center ,University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The 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