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However, pathogen eradication can result in reinvigorated immune responses. Indeed, this was recently suggested for antigen\u2010specific CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and NK cells in HCV\u2010infected patients receiving an interferon\u2010free treatment regimen. Mucosal\u2010associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved innate\u2010like effector T cells. Here, we show that MAIT cells are severely diminished in frequency in chronic HCV\u2010infection, and in this regard the most affected immune cell type in peripheral blood of humans with this disease. Residual MAIT cells show an activated phenotype with high expression of granzyme B, HLA\u2010DR, PD\u20101, and CD69 as well as altered transcription factor expression and suppressed responsiveness to MR1\u2010dependent antigen stimulation. In contrast to other immune cells, MAIT cells are not reinvigorated after successful HCV\u2010clearance using interferon\u2010free therapy. The present results hence demonstrate persistent immune cell\u2010dysfunction in humans despite successful elimination of a chronic pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T05:29:15Z","timestamp":1465882155000},"page":"2204-2210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Nonreversible MAIT cell\u2010dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C virus infection despite successful interferon\u2010free therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Hengst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School  Hannover 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Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke\u2013National University of Singapore Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Manns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research  partner site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Cornberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research  partner site Hannover\u2010Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan 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